Oracle Interview Questions - Part 4

Where is the external query executed at the client or the server?
At the server.

Where is a procedure return in an external pl/sql library executed at the client or at the server?
At the client.

What is coordination Event?
Any event that makes a different record in the master block the current record is a coordination causing event.

What is the difference between OLE Server & Ole Container?
An Ole server application creates ole Objects that are embedded or linked in ole Containers ex. Ole servers are ms_word & ms_excel. OLE containers provide a place to store, display and manipulate objects that are created by ole server applications. Ex. oracle forms is an example of an ole Container.

What is an object group?
An object group is a container for a group of objects; you define an object group when you want to package related objects, so that you copy or reference them in other modules.

What is an LOV?
An LOV is a scrollable popup window that provides the operator with either a single or multi column selection list.

At what point of report execution is the before Report trigger fired?
After the query is executed but before the report is executed and the records are displayed.

What are the built -ins used for Modifying a groups structure?
ADD-GROUP_COLUMN (function)
ADD_GROUP_ROW (procedure)
DELETE_GROUP_ROW(procedure)

What is an user exit used for?
A way in which to pass control (and possibly arguments ) form Oracle report to another Oracle products of 3 GL and then return control ( and ) back to Oracle reports.

What is the User-Named Editor?
A user named editor has the same text editing functionality as the default editor, but, because it is a named object, you can specify editor attributes such as windows display size, position, and title.

My database was terminated while in BACKUP MODE, do I need to recover? (for DBA)
If a database was terminated while one of its tablespaces was in BACKUP MODE (ALTER TABLESPACE xyz BEGIN BACKUP;), it will tell you that media recovery is required when you try to restart the database. The DBA is then required to recover the database and apply all archived logs to the database. However, from Oracle7.2, you can simply take the individual datafiles out of backup mode and restart the database.
ALTER DATABASE DATAFILE '/path/filename' END BACKUP;
One can select from V$BACKUP to see which datafiles are in backup mode. This normally saves a significant amount of database down time.
Thiru Vadivelu contributed the following:
From Oracle9i onwards, the following command can be used to take all of the datafiles out of hot backup mode:
ALTER DATABASE END BACKUP;
The above commands need to be issued when the database is mounted.

What is a Static Record Group?
A static record group is not associated with a query, rather, you define its structure and row values at design time, and they remain fixed at runtime.

What is a record group?
A record group is an internal Oracle Forms that structure that has a column/row framework similar to a database table. However, unlike database tables, record groups are separate objects that belong to the form module which they are defined.

My database is down and I cannot restore. What now? (for DBA )
Recovery without any backup is normally not supported, however, Oracle Consulting can sometimes extract data from an offline database using a utility called DUL (Disk UnLoad). This utility reads data in the data files and unloads it into SQL*Loader or export dump files. DUL does not care about rollback segments, corrupted blocks, etc, and can thus not guarantee that the data is not logically corrupt. It is intended as an absolute last resort and will most likely cost your company a lot of money!!!

I've lost my REDOLOG files, how can I get my DB back? (for DBA)
The following INIT.ORA parameter may be required if your current redo logs are corrupted or blown away. Caution is advised when enabling this parameter as you might end-up losing your entire database. Please contact Oracle Support before using it. _allow_resetlogs_corruption = true

What is a property clause?
A property clause is a named object that contains a list of properties and their settings. Once you create a property clause you can base other object on it. An object based on a property can inherit the setting of any property in the clause that makes sense for that object.

What is a physical page ? & What is a logical page ?
A physical page is a size of a page. That is output by the printer. The logical page is the size of one page of the actual report as seen in the Previewer.

I've lost some Rollback Segments, how can I get my DB back? (for DBA)
Re-start your database with the following INIT.ORA parameter if one of your rollback segments is corrupted. You can then drop the corrupted rollback segments and create it from scratch.
Caution is advised when enabling this parameter, as uncommitted transactions will be marked as committed. One can very well end up with lost or inconsistent data!!! Please contact Oracle Support before using it. _Corrupted_rollback_segments = (rbs01, rbs01, rbs03, rbs04)

What are the differences between EBU and RMAN? (for DBA)
Enterprise Backup Utility (EBU) is a functionally rich, high performance interface for backing up Oracle7 databases. It is sometimes referred to as OEBU for Oracle Enterprise Backup Utility. The Oracle Recovery Manager (RMAN) utility that ships with Oracle8 and above is similar to Oracle7's EBU utility. However, there is no direct upgrade path from EBU to RMAN.

How does one create a RMAN recovery catalog? (for DBA)
Start by creating a database schema (usually called rman). Assign an appropriate tablespace to it and grant it the recovery_catalog_owner role. Look at this example:
sqlplus sys
SQL>create user rman identified by rman;
SQL> alter user rman default tablespace tools temporary tablespace temp;
SQL> alter user rman quota unlimited on tools;
SQL> grant connect, resource, recovery_catalog_owner to rman;
SQL> exit;
Next, log in to rman and create the catalog schema. Prior to Oracle 8i this was done by running the catrman.sql script. rman catalog rman/rman
RMAN>create catalog tablespace tools;
RMAN> exit;
You can now continue by registering your databases in the catalog. Look at this example:
rman catalog rman/rman target backdba/backdba
RMAN> register database;

How can a group in a cross products be visually distinguished from a group that does not form a cross product?
A group that forms part of a cross product will have a thicker border.

What is the frame & repeating frame?
A frame is a holder for a group of fields. A repeating frame is used to display a set of records when the no. of records that are to displayed is not known before.

What is a combo box?
A combo box style list item combines the features found in list and text item. Unlike the pop list or the text list style list items, the combo box style list item will both display fixed values and accept one operator entered value.

What are three panes that appear in the run time pl/sql interpreter?
1. Source pane.
2. interpreter pane.
3. Navigator pane.

What are the two panes that Appear in the design time pl/sql interpreter?
1. Source pane.
2. Interpreter pane

What are the two ways by which data can be generated for a parameters list of values?
1. Using static values.
2. Writing select statement.

What are the various methods of performing a calculation in a report ?
1. Perform the calculation in the SQL statements itself.
2. Use a calculated / summary column in the data model.

What are the default extensions of the files created by menu module?
.mmb,
.mmx

What are the default extensions of the files created by forms modules?
.fmb - form module binary
.fmx - form module executable

To display the page no. for each page on a report what would be the source & logical page no. or & of physical page no.?
& physical page no.

It is possible to use raw devices as data files and what is the advantages over file. system files ?
Yes. The advantages over file system files. I/O will be improved because Oracle is bye-passing the kernnel which writing into disk. Disk Corruption will be very less.

What are disadvantages of having raw devices ?
We should depend on export/import utility for backup/recovery (fully reliable) The tar command cannot be used for physical file backup, instead we can use dd command which is less flexible and has limited recoveries.

What is the significance of having storage clause ?
We can plan the storage for a table as how much initial extents are required, how much can be extended next, how much % should leave free for managing row updations etc.,

What is the use of INCTYPE option in EXP command ?
Type export should be performed COMPLETE,CUMULATIVE,INCREMENTAL. List the sequence of events when a large transaction that exceeds beyond its optimal value when an entry wraps and causes the rollback segment toexpand into anotion Completes. e. will be written.

What is the use of FILE option in IMP command ?
The name of the file from which import should be performed.

What is a Shared SQL pool?
The data dictionary cache is stored in an area in SGA called the Shared SQL Pool. This will allow sharing of parsed SQL statements among concurrent users.

What is hot backup and how it can be taken?
Taking backup of archive log files when database is open. For this the ARCHIVELOG mode should be enabled. The following files need to be backed up. All data files. All Archive log, redo log files. All control files.

List the Optional Flexible Architecture (OFA) of Oracle database? or How can we organize the tablespaces in Oracle database to have maximum performance ?
SYSTEM - Data dictionary tables.
DATA - Standard operational tables.
DATA2- Static tables used for standard operations
INDEXES - Indexes for Standard operational tables.
INDEXES1 - Indexes of static tables used for standard operations.
TOOLS - Tools table.
TOOLS1 - Indexes for tools table.
RBS - Standard Operations Rollback Segments,
RBS1,RBS2 - Additional/Special Rollback segments.
TEMP - Temporary purpose tablespace
TEMP_USER - Temporary tablespace for users.
USERS - User tablespace.

How to implement the multiple control files for an existing database ?
Shutdown the database Copy one of the existing control file to new location Edit Config ora file by adding new control file. name Restart the database.

What is advantage of having disk shadowing/ Mirroring ?
Shadow set of disks save as a backup in the event of disk failure. In most Operating System if any disk failure occurs it automatically switchover to place of failed disk. Improved performance because most OS support volume shadowing can direct file I/O request to use the shadow set of files instead of the main set of files. This reduces I/O load on the main set of disks.

How will you force database to use particular rollback segment ?
SET TRANSACTION USE ROLLBACK SEGMENT rbs_name.

Why query fails sometimes ?
Rollback segment dynamically extent to handle larger transactions entry loads. A single transaction may wipeout all available free space in the Rollback Segment Tablespace. This prevents other user using Rollback segments.

What is the use of RECORD LENGTH option in EXP command ?
Record length in bytes.

How will you monitor rollback segment status ?
Querying the DBA_ROLLBACK_SEGS view
IN USE - Rollback Segment is on-line.
AVAILABLE - Rollback Segment available but not on-line.
OFF-LINE - Rollback Segment off-line
INVALID - Rollback Segment Dropped.
NEEDS RECOVERY - Contains data but need recovery or corupted.
PARTLY AVAILABLE - Contains data from an unresolved transaction involving a distributed database.

What is meant by Redo Log file mirroring ? How it can be achieved?
Process of having a copy of redo log files is called mirroring. This can be achieved by creating group of log files together, so that LGWR will automatically writes them to all the members of the current on-line redo log group. If any one group fails then database automatically switch over to next group. It degrades performance.

Which parameter in Storage clause will reduce no. of rows per block?
PCTFREE parameter
Row size also reduces no of rows per block.

What is meant by recursive hints ?
Number of times processes repeatedly query the dictionary table is called recursive hints. It is due to the data dictionary cache is too small. By increasing the SHARED_POOL_SIZE parameter we can optimize the size of Data Dictionary Cache.

What is the use of PARFILE option in EXP command ?
Name of the parameter file to be passed for export.

What is the difference between locks, latches, enqueues and semaphores? (for DBA)
A latch is an internal Oracle mechanism used to protect data structures in the SGA from simultaneous access. Atomic hardware instructions like TEST-AND-SET is used to implement latches. Latches are more restrictive than locks in that they are always exclusive. Latches are never queued, but will spin or sleep until they obtain a resource, or time out.
Enqueues and locks are different names for the same thing. Both support queuing and concurrency. They are queued and serviced in a first-in-first-out (FIFO) order.
Semaphores are an operating system facility used to control waiting. Semaphores are controlled by the following Unix parameters: semmni, semmns and semmsl. Typical settings are:
semmns = sum of the "processes" parameter for each instance
(see init.ora for each instance)
semmni = number of instances running simultaneously;
semmsl = semmns

What is a logical backup?
Logical backup involves reading a set of database records and writing them into a file. Export utility is used for taking backup and Import utility is used to recover from backup.

Where can one get a list of all hidden Oracle parameters? (for DBA)
Oracle initialization or INIT.ORA parameters with an underscore in front are hidden or unsupported parameters. One can get a list of all hidden parameters by executing this query:
select *
from SYS.X$KSPPI
where substr(KSPPINM,1,1) = '_';
The following query displays parameter names with their current value:
select a.ksppinm "Parameter", b.ksppstvl "Session Value", c.ksppstvl "Instance Value"
from x$ksppi a, x$ksppcv b, x$ksppsv c
where a.indx = b.indx and a.indx = c.indx
and substr(ksppinm,1,1)='_'
order by a.ksppinm;
Remember: Thou shall not play with undocumented parameters!

What is a database EVENT and how does one set it? (for DBA)
Oracle trace events are useful for debugging the Oracle database server. The following two examples are simply to demonstrate syntax. Refer to later notes on this page for an explanation of what these particular events do.
Either adding them to the INIT.ORA parameter file can activate events. E.g.
event='1401 trace name errorstack, level 12'
... or, by issuing an ALTER SESSION SET EVENTS command: E.g.
alter session set events '10046 trace name context forever, level 4';
The alter session method only affects the user's current session, whereas changes to the INIT.ORA file will affect all sessions once the database has been restarted.

What is a Rollback segment entry ?
It is the set of before image data blocks that contain rows that are modified by a transaction. Each Rollback Segment entry must be completed within one rollback segment. A single rollback segment can have multiple rollback segment entries.

What database events can be set? (for DBA)
The following events are frequently used by DBAs and Oracle Support to diagnose problems:
" 10046 trace name context forever, level 4 Trace SQL statements and show bind variables in trace output.
" 10046 trace name context forever, level 8 This shows wait events in the SQL trace files
" 10046 trace name context forever, level 12 This shows both bind variable names and wait events in the SQL trace files
" 1401 trace name errorstack, level 12 1401 trace name errorstack, level 4 1401 trace name processstate Dumps out trace information if an ORA-1401 "inserted value too large for column" error occurs. The 1401 can be replaced by any other Oracle Server error code that you want to trace.
" 60 trace name errorstack level 10 Show where in the code Oracle gets a deadlock (ORA-60), and may help to diagnose the problem.
The following lists of events are examples only. They might be version specific, so please call Oracle before using them:
" 10210 trace name context forever, level 10 10211 trace name context forever, level 10 10231 trace name context forever, level 10 These events prevent database block corruptions
" 10049 trace name context forever, level 2 Memory protect cursor
" 10210 trace name context forever, level 2 Data block check
" 10211 trace name context forever, level 2 Index block check
" 10235 trace name context forever, level 1 Memory heap check
" 10262 trace name context forever, level 300 Allow 300 bytes memory leak for connections
Note: You can use the Unix oerr command to get the description of an event. On Unix, you can type "oerr ora 10053" from the command prompt to get event details.

How can one dump internal database structures? (for DBA)
The following (mostly undocumented) commands can be used to obtain information about internal database structures.
o Dump control file contents
alter session set events 'immediate trace name CONTROLF level 10'
/
o Dump file headers
alter session set events 'immediate trace name FILE_HDRS level 10'
/
o Dump redo log headers
alter session set events 'immediate trace name REDOHDR level 10'
/
o Dump the system state
NOTE: Take 3 successive SYSTEMSTATE dumps, with 10-minute intervals alter session set events 'immediate trace name SYSTEMSTATE level 10'
/
o Dump the process state
alter session set events 'immediate trace name PROCESSSTATE level 10'
/
o Dump Library Cache details
alter session set events 'immediate trace name library cache level 10'
/
o Dump optimizer statistics whenever a SQL statement is parsed (hint: change statement or flush pool) alter session set events '10053 trace name context forever, level 1'
/
o Dump a database block (File/ Block must be converted to DBA address) Convert file and block number to a DBA (database block address).
Eg: variable x varchar2;
exec :x := dbms_utility.make_data_block_address(1,12);
print x
alter session set events 'immediate trace name blockdump level 50360894'
/

What are the different kind of export backups?
Full back - Complete database
Incremental - Only affected tables from last incremental date/full backup date.
Cumulative backup - Only affected table from the last cumulative date/full backup date.

How free extents are managed in Ver 6.0 and Ver 7.0 ?
Free extents cannot be merged together in Ver 6.0.
Free extents are periodically coalesces with the neighboring free extent in Ver 7.0

What is the use of RECORD option in EXP command?
For Incremental exports, the flag indirects whether a record will be stores data dictionary tables recording the export.

What is the use of ROWS option in EXP command ?
Flag to indicate whether table rows should be exported. If 'N' only DDL statements for the database objects will be created.

What is the use of COMPRESS option in EXP command ?
Flag to indicate whether export should compress fragmented segments into single extents.

How will you swap objects into a different table space for an existing database ?
Export the user
Perform import using the command imp system/manager file=export.dmp indexfile=newrite.sql.
This will create all definitions into newfile.sql. Drop necessary objects.
Run the script newfile.sql after altering the tablespaces.
Import from the backup for the necessary objects.

How does Space allocation table place within a block ?
Each block contains entries as follows
Fixed block header
Variable block header
Row Header,row date (multiple rows may exists)
PCTEREE (% of free space for row updation in future)

What are the factors causing the reparsing of SQL statements in SGA?
Due to insufficient Shared SQL pool size. Monitor the ratio of the reloads takes place while executing SQL statements. If the ratio is greater than 1 then increase the SHARED_POOL_SIZE. LOGICAL & PHYSICAL ARCHITECTURE OF DATABASE.

What is dictionary cache ?
Dictionary cache is information about the databse objects stored in a data dictionary table.

What is a Control file ?
Database overall physical architecture is maintained in a file called control file. It will be used to maintain internal consistency and guide recovery operations. Multiple copies of control files are advisable.

What is Database Buffers ?
Database buffers are cache in the SGA used to hold the data blocks that are read from the data segments in the database such as tables, indexes and clusters DB_BLOCK_BUFFERS parameter in INIT.ORA decides the size.

How will you create multiple rollback segments in a database ?
Create a database which implicitly creates a SYSTEM Rollback Segment in a SYSTEM tablespace. Create a Second Rollback Segment name R0 in the SYSTEM tablespace. Make new rollback segment available (After shutdown, modify init.ora file and Start database) Create other tablespaces (RBS) for rollback segments. Deactivate Rollback Segment R0 and activate the newly created rollback segments.

What is cold backup? What are the elements of it?
Cold backup is taking backup of all physical files after normal shutdown of database. We need to take.
- All Data files.
- All Control files.
- All on-line redo log files.
- The init.ora file (Optional)

What is meant by redo log buffer ?
Changes made to entries are written to the on-line redo log files. So that they can be used in roll forward operations during database recoveries. Before writing them into the redo log files, they will first brought to redo log buffers in SGA and LGWR will write into files frequently. LOG_BUFFER parameter will decide the size.

How will you estimate the space required by a non-clustered tables?
Calculate the total header size
Calculate the available dataspace per data block
Calculate the combined column lengths of the average row
Calculate the total average row size.
Calculate the average number rows that can fit in a block
Calculate the number of blocks and bytes required for the table.
After arriving the calculation, add 10 % additional space to calculate the initial extent size for a working table.

How will you monitor the space allocation ?
By querying DBA_SEGMENT table/view.

What is meant by free extent ?
A free extent is a collection of continuous free blocks in tablespace. When a segment is dropped its extents are reallocated and are marked as free.

What is the use of IGNORE option in IMP command ?
A flag to indicate whether the import should ignore errors encounter when issuing CREATE commands.

What is the use of ANALYSE ( Ver 7) option in EXP command ?
A flag to indicate whether statistical information about the exported objects should be written to export dump file.

What is the use of ROWS option in IMP command ?
A flag to indicate whether rows should be imported. If this is set to 'N' then only DDL for database objects will be executed.

What is the use of INDEXES option in EXP command ?
A flag to indicate whether indexes on tables will be exported.

What is the use of INDEXES option in IMP command ?
A flag to indicate whether import should import index on tables or not.

What is the use of GRANT option in EXP command?
A flag to indicate whether grants on databse objects will be exported or not. Value is 'Y' or 'N'.

What is the use of GRANT option in IMP command ?
A flag to indicate whether grants on database objects will be imported.

What is the use of FULL option in EXP command ?
A flag to indicate whether full databse export should be performed.

What is the use of SHOW option in IMP command ?
A flag to indicate whether file content should be displayed or not.

What is the use of CONSTRAINTS option in EXP command ?
A flag to indicate whether constraints on table need to be exported.

What is the use of CONSISTENT (Ver 7) option in EXP command ?
A flag to indicate whether a read consistent version of all the exported objects should be maintained.

What are the different methods of backing up oracle database ?
- Logical Backups
- Cold Backups
- Hot Backups (Archive log)

What is the difference between ON-VALIDATE-FIELD trigger and a POST-CHANGE trigger ?
When you changes the Existing value to null, the On-validate field trigger will fire post change trigger will not fire. At the time of execute-query post-change trigger will fire, on-validate field trigger will not fire.

When is PRE-QUERY trigger executed ?
When Execute-query or count-query Package procedures are invoked.

Oracle Interview Questions - Part 3

What is the Maximum allowed length of Record group Column?
Record group column names cannot exceed 30 characters.

Which parameter can be used to set read level consistency across multiple queries?
Read only

What are the different types of Record Groups?
Query Record Groups
NonQuery Record Groups
State Record Groups

From which designation is it preferred to send the output to the printed?
Previewer

What are difference between post database commit and post-form commit?
Post-form commit fires once during the post and commit transactions process, after the database commit occurs. The post-form-commit trigger fires after inserts, updates and deletes have been posted to the database but before the transactions have been finalized in the issuing the command. The post-database-commit trigger fires after oracle forms issues the commit to finalized transactions.

What are the different display styles of list items?
Pop_listText_listCombo box

Which of the above methods is the faster method?
performing the calculation in the query is faster.

With which function of summary item is the compute at options required?
percentage of total functions.

What are parameters?
Parameters provide a simple mechanism for defining and setting the valuesof inputs that are required by a form at startup. Form parameters are variables of type char,number,date that you define at design time.

What are the three types of user exits available ?
Oracle Precompiler exits, Oracle call interface, NonOracle user exits.

How many windows in a form can have console?
Only one window in a form can display the console, and you cannot change the console assignment at runtime.

What is an administrative (privileged) user? (for DBA )
Oracle DBAs and operators typically use administrative accounts to manage the database and database instance. An administrative account is a user that is granted SYSOPER or SYSDBA privileges. SYSDBA and SYSOPER allow access to a database instance even if it is not running. Control of these privileges is managed outside of the database via password files and special operating system groups. This password file is created with the orapwd utility.

What are the two repeating frame always associated with matrix object?
One down repeating frame below one across repeating frame.

What are the master-detail triggers?
On-Check_delete_masterOn_clear_detailsOn_populate_details

How does one connect to an administrative user? (for DBA )
If an administrative user belongs to the "dba" group on Unix, or the "ORA_DBA" (ORA_sid_DBA) group on NT, he/she can connect like this:
connect / as sysdba
No password is required. This is equivalent to the desupported "connect internal" method.
A password is required for "non-secure" administrative access. These passwords are stored in password files. Remote connections via Net8 are classified as non-secure. Look at this example:
connect sys/password as sysdba

How does one create a password file? (for DBA )
The Oracle Password File ($ORACLE_HOME/dbs/orapw or orapwSID) stores passwords for users with administrative privileges. One needs to create a password files before remote administrators (like OEM) will be allowed to connect.
Follow this procedure to create a new password file:
. Log in as the Oracle software owner
. Runcommand: orapwd file=$ORACLE_HOME/dbs/orapw$ORACLE_SID password=mypasswd
. Shutdown the database (SQLPLUS> SHUTDOWN IMMEDIATE)
. Edit the INIT.ORA file and ensure REMOTE_LOGIN_PASSWORDFILE=exclusive is set.
. Startup the database (SQLPLUS> STARTUP)
NOTE: The orapwd utility presents a security risk in that it receives a password from the command line. This password is visible in the process table of many systems. Administrators needs to be aware of this!

Is it possible to modify an external query in a report which contains it?
No.

Does a grouping done for objects in the layout editor affect the grouping done in the data model editor?
No.

How does one add users to a password file? (for DBA )
One can select from the SYS.V_$PWFILE_USERS view to see which users are listed in the password file. New users can be added to the password file by granting them SYSDBA or SYSOPER privileges, or by using the orapwd utility. GRANT SYSDBA TO scott;

If a break order is set on a column would it affect columns which are under the column?
No

Why are OPS$ accounts a security risk in a client/server environment? (for DBA )
If you allow people to log in with OPS$ accounts from Windows Workstations, you cannot be sure who they really are. With terminals, you can rely on operating system passwords, with Windows, you cannot.
If you set REMOTE_OS_AUTHENT=TRUE in your init.ora file, Oracle assumes that the remote OS has authenticated the user. If REMOTE_OS_AUTHENT is set to FALSE (recommended), remote users will be unable to connect without a password. IDENTIFIED EXTERNALLY will only be in effect from the local host. Also, if you are using "OPS$" as your prefix, you will be able to log on locally with or without a password, regardless of whether you have identified your ID with a password or defined it to be IDENTIFIED EXTERNALLY.

Do user parameters appear in the data modal editor in 2.5?
No

Can you pass data parameters to forms?
No

Is it possible to link two groups inside a cross products after the cross products group has been created?
no

What are the different modals of windows?
Modalless windows
Modal windows

What are modal windows?
Modal windows are usually used as dialogs, and have restricted functionality compared to modelless windows. On some platforms for example operators cannot resize, scroll or iconify a modal window.

What are the different default triggers created when Master Deletes Property is set to Non-isolated?

Master Deletes Property Resulting Triggers
----------------------------------------------------
Non-Isolated(the default) On-Check-Delete-Master
On-Clear-Details
On-Populate-Details

What are the different default triggers created when Master Deletes Property is set to isolated?

Master Deletes Property Resulting Triggers
---------------------------------------------------
Isolated On-Clear-Details
On-Populate-Details

What are the different default triggers created when Master Deletes Property is set to Cascade?

Master Deletes Property Resulting Triggers
---------------------------------------------------
Cascading On-Clear-Details
On-Populate-Details
Pre-delete

What is the diff. bet. setting up of parameters in reports 2.0 reports2.5?
LOVs can be attached to parameters in the reports 2.5 parameter form.

What are the difference between lov & list item?
Lov is a property where as list item is an item. A list item can have only one column, lov can have one or more columns

What is the advantage of the library?
Libraries provide a convenient means of storing client-side program units and sharing them among multiple applications. Once you create a library, you can attach it to any other form, menu, or library modules. When you can call library program units from triggers menu items commands and user named routine, you write in the modules to which you have attach the library. When a library attaches another library, program units in the first library can reference program units in the attached library. Library support dynamic loading-that is library program units are loaded into an application only when needed. This can significantly reduce the run-time memory requirements of applications.

What is lexical reference? How can it be created?
Lexical reference is place_holder for text that can be embedded in a sql statements. A lexical reference can be created using & before the column or parameter name.

What is system.coordination_operation?
It represents the coordination causing event that occur on the master block in master-detail relation.

What is synchronize?
It is a terminal screen with the internal state of the form. It updates the screen display to reflect the information that oracle forms has in its internal representation of the screen.

What use of command line parameter cmd file?
It is a command line argument that allows you to specify a file that contain a set of arguments for r20run.

What is a Text_io Package?
It allows you to read and write information to a file in the file system.

What is forms_DDL?
Issues dynamic Sql statements at run time, including server side pl/SQl and DDL

How is link tool operation different bet. reports 2 & 2.5?
In Reports 2.0 the link tool has to be selected and then two fields to be linked are selected and the link is automatically created. In 2.5 the first field is selected and the link tool is then used to link the first field to the second field.

What are the different styles of activation of ole Objects?
In place activationExternal activation

How do you reference a Parameter?
In Pl/Sql, You can reference and set the values of form parameters using bind variables syntax. Ex. PARAMETER name = '' or :block.item = PARAMETER Parameter name

What is the difference between object embedding & linking in Oracle forms?
In Oracle forms, Embedded objects become part of the form module, and linked objects are references from a form module to a linked source file.

Name of the functions used to get/set canvas properties?
Get_view_property, Set_view_property

What are the built-ins that are used for setting the LOV properties at runtime?
get_lov_property
set_lov_property

What are the built-ins used for processing rows?
Get_group_row_count(function)
Get_group_selection_count(function)
Get_group_selection(function)
Reset_group_selection(procedure)
Set_group_selection(procedure)
Unset_group_selection(procedure)

What are built-ins used for Processing rows?
GET_GROUP_ROW_COUNT(function)
GET_GROUP_SELECTION_COUNT(function)
GET_GROUP_SELECTION(function)
RESET_GROUP_SELECTION(procedure)
SET_GROUP_SELECTION(procedure)
UNSET_GROUP_SELECTION(procedure)

What are the built-in used for getting cell values?
Get_group_char_cell(function)
Get_groupcell(function)
Get_group_number_cell(function)

What are the built-ins used for Getting cell values?
GET_GROUP_CHAR_CELL (function)
GET_GROUPCELL(function)
GET_GROUP_NUMBET_CELL(function)

Atleast how many set of data must a data model have before a data model can be base on it?
Four

To execute row from being displayed that still use column in the row which property can be used?
Format trigger.

What are different types of modules available in oracle form?
Form module - a collection of objects and code routines Menu modules - a collection of menus and menu item commands that together make up an application menu library module - a collection of user named procedures, functions and packages that can be called from other modules in the application

What is the remove on exit property?
For a modelless window, it determines whether oracle forms hides the window automatically when the operators navigates to an item in the another window.

What is WHEN-Database-record trigger?
Fires when oracle forms first marks a record as an insert or an update. The trigger fires as soon as oracle forms determines through validation that the record should be processed by the next post or commit as an insert or update. c generally occurs only when the operators modifies the first item in the record, and after the operator attempts to navigate out of the item.

What is a difference between pre-select and pre-query?
Fires during the execute query and count query processing after oracle forms constructs the select statement to be issued, but before the statement is actually issued. The pre-query trigger fires just before oracle forms issues the select statement to the database after the operator as define the example records by entering the query criteria in enter query mode.Pre-query trigger fires before pre-select trigger.

What are built-ins associated with timers?
find_timercreate_timerdelete_timer

What are the built-ins used for finding object ID functions?
Find_group(function)
Find_column(function)

What are the built-ins used for finding Object ID function?
FIND_GROUP(function)
FIND_COLUMN(function)

Any attempt to navigate programmatically to disabled form in a call_form stack is allowed?
False

Use the Add_group_row procedure to add a row to a static record group 1. true or false?
False

What third party tools can be used with Oracle EBU/ RMAN? (for DBA)
The following Media Management Software Vendors have integrated their media management software packages with Oracle Recovery Manager and Oracle7 Enterprise Backup Utility. The Media Management Vendors will provide first line technical support for the integrated backup/recover solutions.
Veritas NetBackup
EMC Data Manager (EDM)
HP OMNIBack II
IBM's Tivoli Storage Manager - formerly ADSM
Legato Networker
ManageIT Backup and Recovery
Sterling Software's SAMS:Alexandria - formerly from Spectralogic
Sun Solstice Backup

Why and when should one tune? (for DBA)
One of the biggest responsibilities of a DBA is to ensure that the Oracle database is tuned properly. The Oracle RDBMS is highly tunable and allows the database to be monitored and adjusted to increase its performance. One should do performance tuning for the following reasons:
The speed of computing might be wasting valuable human time (users waiting for response); Enable your system to keep-up with the speed business is conducted; and Optimize hardware usage to save money (companies are spending millions on hardware). Although this FAQ is not overly concerned with hardware issues, one needs to remember than you cannot tune a Buick into a Ferrari.

How can a break order be created on a column in an existing group? What are the various sub events a mouse double click event involves?
By dragging the column outside the group.

What is the use of place holder column? What are the various sub events a mouse double click event involves?
A placeholder column is used to hold calculated values at a specified place rather than allowing is to appear in the actual row where it has to appear.

What is the use of hidden column? What are the various sub events a mouse double click event involves?
A hidden column is used to when a column has to embed into boilerplate text.

What database aspects should be monitored? (for DBA)
One should implement a monitoring system to constantly monitor the following aspects of a database. Writing custom scripts, implementing Oracle's Enterprise Manager, or buying a third-party monitoring product can achieve this. If an alarm is triggered, the system should automatically notify the DBA (e-mail, page, etc.) to take appropriate action.
Infrastructure availability:
. Is the database up and responding to requests
. Are the listeners up and responding to requests
. Are the Oracle Names and LDAP Servers up and responding to requests
. Are the Web Listeners up and responding to requests

Things that can cause service outages:
. Is the archive log destination filling up?
. Objects getting close to their max extents
. User and process limits reached

Things that can cause bad performance:
See question "What tuning indicators can one use?".

Where should the tuning effort be directed? (for DBA)
Consider the following areas for tuning. The order in which steps are listed needs to be maintained to prevent tuning side effects. For example, it is no good increasing the buffer cache if you can reduce I/O by rewriting a SQL statement. Database Design (if it's not too late):
Poor system performance usually results from a poor database design. One should generally normalize to the 3NF. Selective denormalization can provide valuable performance improvements. When designing, always keep the "data access path" in mind. Also look at proper data partitioning, data replication, aggregation tables for decision support systems, etc.
Application Tuning:
Experience showed that approximately 80% of all Oracle system performance problems are resolved by coding optimal SQL. Also consider proper scheduling of batch tasks after peak working hours.
Memory Tuning:
Properly size your database buffers (shared pool, buffer cache, log buffer, etc) by looking at your buffer hit ratios. Pin large objects into memory to prevent frequent reloads.
Disk I/O Tuning:
Database files needs to be properly sized and placed to provide maximum disk subsystem throughput. Also look for frequent disk sorts, full table scans, missing indexes, row chaining, data fragmentation, etc
Eliminate Database Contention:
Study database locks, latches and wait events carefully and eliminate where possible. Tune the Operating System:
Monitor and tune operating system CPU, I/O and memory utilization. For more information, read the related Oracle FAQ dealing with your specific operating system.

What are the various sub events a mouse double click event involves? What are the various sub events a mouse double click event involves?
Double clicking the mouse consists of the mouse down, mouse up, mouse click, mouse down & mouse up events.

What are the default parameter that appear at run time in the parameter screen? What are the various sub events a mouse double click event involves?
Destype and Desname.

What are the built-ins used for Creating and deleting groups?
CREATE-GROUP (function)
CREATE_GROUP_FROM_QUERY(function)
DELETE_GROUP(procedure)

What are different types of canvas views?
Content canvas views
Stacked canvas views
Horizontal toolbar
vertical toolbar.

What are the different types of Delete details we can establish in Master-Details?
Cascade
Isolate
Non-isolate

What is relation between the window and canvas views?
Canvas views are the back ground objects on which you place the interface items (Text items), check boxes, radio groups etc.,) and boilerplate objects (boxes, lines, images etc.,) that operators interact with us they run your form . Each canvas views displayed in a window.

What is a User_exit?
Calls the user exit named in the user_exit_string. Invokes a 3Gl program by name which has been properly linked into your current oracle forms executable.

How is it possible to select generate a select set for the query in the query property sheet?
By using the tables/columns button and then specifying the table and the column names.

How can values be passed bet. precompiler exits & Oracle call interface?
By using the statement EXECIAFGET & EXECIAFPUT.

How can a square be drawn in the layout editor of the report writer?
By using the rectangle tool while pressing the (Constraint) key.

How can a text file be attached to a report while creating in the report writer?
By using the link file property in the layout boiler plate property sheet.

How can I message to passed to the user from reports?
By using SRW.MESSAGE function.

Does one need to drop/ truncate objects before importing? (for DBA)
Before one import rows into already populated tables, one needs to truncate or drop these tables to get rid of the old data. If not, the new data will be appended to the existing tables. One must always DROP existing Sequences before re-importing. If the sequences are not dropped, they will generate numbers inconsistent with the rest of the database. Note: It is also advisable to drop indexes before importing to speed up the import process. Indexes can easily be recreated after the data was successfully imported.

How can a button be used in a report to give a drill down facility?
By setting the action associated with button to Execute pl/sql option and using the SRW.Run_report function.

Can one import/export between different versions of Oracle? (for DBA)
Different versions of the import utility is upwards compatible. This means that one can take an export file created from an old export version, and import it using a later version of the import utility. This is quite an effective way of upgrading a database from one release of Oracle to the next.
Oracle also ships some previous catexpX.sql scripts that can be executed as user SYS enabling older imp/exp versions to work (for backwards compatibility). For example, one can run $ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/admin/catexp7.sql on an Oracle 8 database to allow the Oracle 7.3 exp/imp utilities to run against an Oracle 8 database.

What are different types of images?
Boiler plate imagesImage Items

Can one export to multiple files?/ Can one beat the Unix 2 Gig limit? (for DBA)
From Oracle8i, the export utility supports multiple output files. This feature enables large exports to be divided into files whose sizes will not exceed any operating system limits (FILESIZE= parameter). When importing from multi-file export you must provide the same filenames in the same sequence in the FILE= parameter. Look at this example:
exp SCOTT/TIGER FILE=D:\F1.dmp,E:\F2.dmp FILESIZE=10m LOG=scott.log
Use the following technique if you use an Oracle version prior to 8i:
Create a compressed export on the fly. Depending on the type of data, you probably can export up to 10 gigabytes to a single file. This example uses gzip. It offers the best compression I know of, but you can also substitute it with zip, compress or whatever.
# create a named pipe
mknod exp.pipe p
# read the pipe - output to zip file in the background
gzip <> scott.exp.gz &
# feed the pipe
exp userid=scott/tiger file=exp.pipe ...

What is bind reference and how can it be created?
Bind reference are used to replace the single value in sql, pl/sql statements a bind reference can be created using a (:) before a column or a parameter name.

How can one improve Import/ Export performance? (for DBA)
EXPORT:
. Set the BUFFER parameter to a high value (e.g. 2M)
. Set the RECORDLENGTH parameter to a high value (e.g. 64K)
. Stop unnecessary applications to free-up resources for your job.
. If you run multiple export sessions, ensure they write to different physical disks.
. DO NOT export to an NFS mounted filesystem. It will take forever.

IMPORT:
. Create an indexfile so that you can create indexes AFTER you have imported data. Do this by setting INDEXFILE to a filename and then import. No data will be imported but a file containing index definitions will be created. You must edit this file afterwards and supply the passwords for the schemas on all CONNECT statements.
. Place the file to be imported on a separate physical disk from the oracle data files
. Increase DB_CACHE_SIZE (DB_BLOCK_BUFFERS prior to 9i) considerably in the init$SID.ora file
. Set the LOG_BUFFER to a big value and restart oracle.
. Stop redo log archiving if it is running (ALTER DATABASE NOARCHIVELOG;)
. Create a BIG tablespace with a BIG rollback segment inside. Set all other rollback segments offline (except the SYSTEM rollback segment of course). The rollback segment must be as big as your biggest table (I think?)
. Use COMMIT=N in the import parameter file if you can afford it
. Use ANALYZE=N in the import parameter file to avoid time consuming ANALYZE statements
. Remember to run the indexfile previously created

Give the sequence of execution of the various report triggers?
Before form , After form , Before report, Between page, After report.

What are the common Import/ Export problems? (for DBA )
ORA-00001: Unique constraint (...) violated - You are importing duplicate rows. Use IGNORE=NO to skip tables that already exist (imp will give an error if the object is re-created).
ORA-01555: Snapshot too old - Ask your users to STOP working while you are exporting or use parameter CONSISTENT=NO
ORA-01562: Failed to extend rollback segment - Create bigger rollback segments or set parameter COMMIT=Y while importing
IMP-00015: Statement failed ... object already exists... - Use the IGNORE=Y import parameter to ignore these errors, but be careful as you might end up with duplicate rows.

Why is it preferable to create a fewer no. of queries in the data model?
Because for each query, report has to open a separate cursor and has to rebind, execute and fetch data.

Oracle Interview Questions - Part 2

How does one see the uptime for a database? (for DBA )
Look at the following SQL query:
SELECT to_char (startup_time,'DD-MON-YYYY HH24: MI: SS') "DB Startup Time"
FROM sys.v_$instance;
Marco Bergman provided the following alternative solution:
SELECT to_char (logon_time,'Dy dd Mon HH24: MI: SS') "DB Startup Time"
FROM sys.v_$session
WHERE Sid=1 /* this is pmon */
/
Users still running on Oracle 7 can try one of the following queries:
Column STARTED format a18 head 'STARTUP TIME'
Select C.INSTANCE,
to_date (JUL.VALUE, 'J')
|| to_char (floor (SEC.VALUE/3600), '09')
|| ':'
-- || Substr (to_char (mod (SEC.VALUE/60, 60), '09'), 2, 2)
|| Substr (to_char (floor (mod (SEC.VALUE/60, 60)), '09'), 2, 2)
|| '.'
|| Substr (to_char (mod (SEC.VALUE, 60), '09'), 2, 2) STARTED
from SYS.V_$INSTANCE JUL,
SYS.V_$INSTANCE SEC,
SYS.V_$THREAD C
Where JUL.KEY like '%JULIAN%'
and SEC.KEY like '%SECOND%';
Select to_date (JUL.VALUE, 'J')
|| to_char (to_date (SEC.VALUE, 'SSSSS'), ' HH24:MI:SS') STARTED
from SYS.V_$INSTANCE JUL,
SYS.V_$INSTANCE SEC
where JUL.KEY like '%JULIAN%'
and SEC.KEY like '%SECOND%';
select to_char (to_date (JUL.VALUE, 'J') + (SEC.VALUE/86400), -Return a DATE
'DD-MON-YY HH24:MI:SS') STARTED
from V$INSTANCE JUL,
V$INSTANCE SEC
where JUL.KEY like '%JULIAN%'
and SEC.KEY like '%SECOND%';

Where are my TEMPFILES, I don't see them in V$DATAFILE or DBA_DATA_FILE? (for DBA)
Tempfiles, unlike normal datafiles, are not listed in v$datafile or dba_data_files. Instead query v$tempfile or dba_temp_files:
SELECT * FROM v$tempfile;
SELECT * FROM dba_temp_files;

How do I find used/free space in a TEMPORARY tablespace? (for DBA )
Unlike normal tablespaces, true temporary tablespace information is not listed in DBA_FREE_SPACE. Instead use the V$TEMP_SPACE_HEADER view:
SELECT tablespace_name, SUM (bytes used), SUM (bytes free)
FROM V$temp_space_header
GROUP BY tablespace_name;

What is a profile ?
Each database user is assigned a Profile that specifies limitations on various system resources available to the user.

How will you enforce security using stored procedures?
Don't grant user access directly to tables within the application. Instead grant the ability to access the procedures that access the tables. When procedure executed it will execute the privilege of procedures owner. Users cannot access tables except via the procedure.

How can one see who is using a temporary segment? (for DBA )
For every user using temporary space, there is an entry in SYS.V$_LOCK with type 'TS'.
All temporary segments are named 'ffff.bbbb' where 'ffff' is the file it is in and 'bbbb' is first block of the segment. If your temporary tablespace is set to TEMPORARY, all sorts are done in one large temporary segment. For usage stats, see SYS.V_$SORT_SEGMENT
From Oracle 8.0, one can just query SYS.v$sort_usage. Look at these examples:
select s.username, u."USER", u.tablespace, u.contents, u.extents, u.blocks
from sys.v_$session s, sys.v_$sort_usage u
where s.addr = u.session_addr
/
select s.osuser, s.process, s.username, s.serial#,
Sum (u.blocks)*vp.value/1024 sort_size
from sys.v_$session s, sys.v_$sort_usage u, sys.v_$parameter VP
where s.saddr = u.session_addr
and vp.name = 'db_block_size'
and s.osuser like '&1'
group by s.osuser, s.process, s.username, s.serial#, vp.value
/

How does one get the view definition of fixed views/tables?
Query v$fixed_view_definition. Example: SELECT * FROM v$fixed_view_definition WHERE view_name='V$SESSION';

What are the dictionary tables used to monitor a database spaces ?
DBA_FREE_SPACE
DBA_SEGMENTS
DBA_DATA_FILES.

How can we specify the Archived log file name format and destination?
By setting the following values in init.ora file. LOG_ARCHIVE_FORMAT = arch %S/s/T/tarc (%S - Log sequence number and is zero left paded, %s - Log sequence number not padded. %T - Thread number lef-zero-paded and %t - Thread number not padded). The file name created is arch 0001 are if %S is used. LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST = path.

What is user Account in Oracle database?
An user account is not a physical structure in Database but it is having important relationship to the objects in the database and will be having certain privileges.

When will the data in the snapshot log be used?
We must be able to create a after row trigger on table (i.e., it should be not be already available) After giving table privileges. We cannot specify snapshot log name because oracle uses the name of the master table in the name of the database objects that support its snapshot log. The master table name should be less than or equal to 23 characters. (The table name created will be MLOGS_tablename, and trigger name will be TLOGS name).

What dynamic data replication?
Updating or Inserting records in remote database through database triggers. It may fail if remote database is having any problem.

What is Two-Phase Commit ?
Two-phase commit is mechanism that guarantees a distributed transaction either commits on all involved nodes or rolls back on all involved nodes to maintain data consistency across the global distributed database. It has two phase, a Prepare Phase and a Commit Phase.

How can you Enforce Referential Integrity in snapshots ?
Time the references to occur when master tables are not in use. Peform the reference the manually immdiately locking the master tables. We can join tables in snopshots by creating a complex snapshots that will based on the master tables.

What is a SQL * NET?
SQL *NET is ORACLE's mechanism for interfacing with the communication protocols used by the networks that facilitate distributed processing and distributed databases. It is used in Clint-Server and Server-Server communications.

What is a SNAPSHOT ?
Snapshots are read-only copies of a master table located on a remote node which is periodically refreshed to reflect changes made to the master table.

What is the mechanism provided by ORACLE for table replication ?
Snapshots and SNAPSHOT LOGs

What is snapshots?
Snapshot is an object used to dynamically replicate data between distribute database at specified time intervals. In ver 7.0 they are read only.

What are the various type of snapshots?
Simple and Complex.

Describe two phases of Two-phase commit ?
Prepare phase - The global coordinator (initiating node) ask a participants to prepare (to promise to commit or rollback the transaction, even if there is a failure) Commit - Phase - If all participants respond to the coordinator that they are prepared, the coordinator asks all nodes to commit the transaction, if all participants cannot prepare, the coordinator asks all nodes to roll back the transaction.

What is snapshot log ?
It is a table that maintains a record of modifications to the master table in a snapshot. It is stored in the same database as master table and is only available for simple snapshots. It should be created before creating snapshots.

What are the benefits of distributed options in databases?
Database on other servers can be updated and those transactions can be grouped together with others in a logical unit.
Database uses a two phase commit.

What are the options available to refresh snapshots ?
COMPLETE - Tables are completely regenerated using the snapshots query and the master tables every time the snapshot referenced.
FAST - If simple snapshot used then a snapshot log can be used to send the changes to the snapshot tables.
FORCE - Default value. If possible it performs a FAST refresh; Otherwise it will perform a complete refresh.

What is a SNAPSHOT LOG ?
A snapshot log is a table in the master database that is associated with the master table. ORACLE uses a snapshot log to track the rows that have been updated in the master table. Snapshot logs are used in updating the snapshots based on the master table.

What is Distributed database ?
A distributed database is a network of databases managed by multiple database servers that appears to a user as single logical database. The data of all databases in the distributed database can be simultaneously accessed and modified.

How can we reduce the network traffic?
- Replication of data in distributed environment.
- Using snapshots to replicate data.
- Using remote procedure calls.

Differentiate simple and complex, snapshots ?
- A simple snapshot is based on a query that does not contains GROUP BY clauses, CONNECT BY clauses, JOINs, sub-query or snashot of operations.
- A complex snapshots contain atleast any one of the above.

What are the Built-ins used for sending Parameters to forms?
You can pass parameter values to a form when an application executes the call_form, New_form, Open_form or Run_product.

Can you have more than one content canvas view attached with a window?
Yes. Each window you create must have atleast one content canvas view assigned to it. You can also create a window that has manipulated content canvas view. At run time only one of the content canvas views assign to a window is displayed at a time.

Is the After report trigger fired if the report execution fails?
Yes.

Does a Before form trigger fire when the parameter form is suppressed?
Yes.

What is SGA?
The System Global Area in an Oracle database is the area in memory to facilitate the transfer of information between users. It holds the most recently requested structural information between users. It holds the most recently requested structural information about the database. The structure is database buffers, dictionary cache, redo log buffer and shared pool area.

What is a shared pool?
The data dictionary cache is stored in an area in SGA called the shared pool. This will allow sharing of parsed SQL statements among concurrent users.

What is mean by Program Global Area (PGA)?
It is area in memory that is used by a single Oracle user process.

What is a data segment?
Data segment are the physical areas within a database block in which the data associated with tables and clusters are stored.

What are the factors causing the reparsing of SQL statements in SGA?
Due to insufficient shared pool size.
Monitor the ratio of the reloads takes place while executing SQL statements. If the ratio is greater than 1 then increase the SHARED_POOL_SIZE.

What are clusters?
Clusters are groups of one or more tables physically stores together to share common columns and are often used together.

What is cluster key?
The related columns of the tables in a cluster are called the cluster key.

Do a view contain data?
Views do not contain or store data.

What is user Account in Oracle database?
A user account is not a physical structure in database but it is having important relationship to the objects in the database and will be having certain privileges.

How will you enforce security using stored procedures?
Don't grant user access directly to tables within the application. Instead grant the ability to access the procedures that access the tables. When procedure executed it will execute the privilege of procedures owner. Users cannot access tables except via the procedure.

What are the dictionary tables used to monitor a database space?
DBA_FREE_SPACE
DBA_SEGMENTS
DBA_DATA_FILES.

Can a property clause itself be based on a property clause?
Yes

If a parameter is used in a query without being previously defined, what diff. exist between. report 2.0 and 2.5 when the query is applied?
While both reports 2.0 and 2.5 create the parameter, report 2.5 gives a message that a bind parameter has been created.

What are the sql clauses supported in the link property sheet?
Where start with having.

What is trigger associated with the timer?
When-timer-expired.

What are the trigger associated with image items?
When-image-activated fires when the operators double clicks on an image itemwhen-image-pressed fires when an operator clicks or double clicks on an image item

What are the different windows events activated at runtimes?
When_window_activated
When_window_closed
When_window_deactivated
When_window_resized
Within this triggers, you can examine the built in system variable system. event_window to determine the name of the window for which the trigger fired.

When do you use data parameter type?
When the value of a data parameter being passed to a called product is always the name of the record group defined in the current form. Data parameters are used to pass data to products invoked with the run_product built-in subprogram.

What is difference between open_form and call_form?
when one form invokes another form by executing open_form the first form remains displayed, and operators can navigate between the forms as desired. when one form invokes another form by executing call_form, the called form is modal with respect to the calling form. That is, any windows that belong to the calling form are disabled, and operators cannot navigate to them until they first exit the called form.

What is new_form built-in?
When one form invokes another form by executing new_form oracle form exits the first form and releases its memory before loading the new form calling new form completely replace the first with the second. If there are changes pending in the first form, the operator will be prompted to save them before the new form is loaded.

What is the "LOV of Validation" Property of an item? What is the use of it?
When LOV for Validation is set to True, Oracle Forms compares the current value of the text item to the values in the first column displayed in the LOV. Whenever the validation event occurs. If the value in the text item matches one of the values in the first column of the LOV, validation succeeds, the LOV is not displayed, and processing continues normally. If the value in the text item does not match one of the values in the first column of the LOV, Oracle Forms displays the LOV and uses the text item value as the search criteria to automatically reduce the list.

What is the diff. when Flex mode is mode on and when it is off?
When flex mode is on, reports automatically resizes the parent when the child is resized.

What is the diff. when confine mode is on and when it is off?
When confine mode is on, an object cannot be moved outside its parent in the layout.

What are visual attributes?
Visual attributes are the font, color, pattern proprieties that you set for form and menu objects that appear in your application interface.

Which of the two views should objects according to possession?
view by structure.

What are the two types of views available in the object navigator(specific to report 2.5)?
View by structure and view by type .

What are the vbx controls?
Vbx control provide a simple method of building and enhancing user interfaces. The controls can use to obtain user inputs and display program outputs.vbx control where originally develop as extensions for the ms visual basic environments and include such items as sliders, rides and knobs.

What is the use of transactional triggers?
Using transactional triggers we can control or modify the default functionality of the oracle forms.

How do you create a new session while open a new form?
Using open_form built-in setting the session option Ex. Open_form('Stocks ',active, session). when invoke the multiple forms with open form and call_form in the same application, state whether the following are true/False

What are the ways to monitor the performance of the report?
Use reports profile executable statement. Use SQL trace facility.

If two groups are not linked in the data model editor, What is the hierarchy between them?
Two group that is above are the left most rank higher than the group that is to right or below it.

An open form can not be execute the call_form procedure if you chain of called forms has been initiated by another open form?
True

Explain about horizontal, Vertical tool bar canvas views?
Tool bar canvas views are used to create tool bars for individual windows. Horizontal tool bars are display at the top of a window, just under its menu bar. Vertical Tool bars are displayed along the left side of a window

What is the purpose of the product order option in the column property sheet?
To specify the order of individual group evaluation in a cross products.

What is the use of image_zoom built-in?
To manipulate images in image items.

How do you reference a parameter indirectly?
To indirectly reference a parameter use the NAME IN, COPY 'built-ins to indirectly set and reference the parameters value' Example name_in ('capital parameter my param'), Copy ('SURESH','Parameter my_param')

What is a timer?
Timer is an "internal time clock" that you can programmatically create to perform an action each time the times.

What are the two phases of block coordination?
There are two phases of block coordination: the clear phase and the population phase. During, the clear phase, Oracle Forms navigates internally to the detail block and flushes the obsolete detail records. During the population phase, Oracle Forms issues a SELECT statement to repopulate the detail block with detail records associated with the new master record. These operations are accomplished through the execution of triggers.

What are Most Common types of Complex master-detail relationships?
There are three most common types of complex master-detail relationships:
master with dependent details
master with independent details
detail with two masters

What is a text list?
The text list style list item appears as a rectangular box which displays the fixed number of values. When the text list contains values that can not be displayed, a vertical scroll bar appears, allowing the operator to view and select undisplayed values.

What is term?
The term is terminal definition file that describes the terminal form which you are using r20run.

What is use of term?
The term file which key is correspond to which oracle report functions.

What is pop list?
The pop list style list item appears initially as a single field (similar to a text item field). When the operator selects the list icon, a list of available choices appears.

What is the maximum no of chars the parameter can store?
The maximum no of chars the parameter can store is only valid for char parameters, which can be upto 64K. No parameters default to 23Bytes and Date parameter default to 7Bytes.

What are the default extensions of the files created by library module?
The default file extensions indicate the library module type and storage format .pll - pl/sql library module binary

What are the Coordination Properties in a Master-Detail relationship?
The coordination properties are
Deferred
Auto-Query
These Properties determine when the population phase of block
coordination should occur.

How do you display console on a window ?
The console includes the status line and message line, and is displayed at the bottom of the window to which it is assigned.To specify that the console should be displayed, set the console window form property to the name of any window in the form. To include the console, set console window to Null.

What are the different Parameter types?
Text ParametersData Parameters

State any three mouse events system variables?
System.mouse_button_pressedSystem.mouse_button_shift

What are the types of calculated columns available?
Summary, Formula, Placeholder column.

Explain about stacked canvas views?
Stacked canvas view is displayed in a window on top of, or "stacked" on the content canvas view assigned to that same window. Stacked canvas views obscure some part of the underlying content canvas view, and or often shown and hidden programmatically.

How does one do off-line database backups? (for DBA )
Shut down the database from sqlplus or server manager. Backup all files to secondary storage (eg. tapes). Ensure that you backup all data files, all control files and all log files. When completed, restart your database.
Do the following queries to get a list of all files that needs to be backed up:
select name from sys.v_$datafile;
select member from sys.v_$logfile;
select name from sys.v_$controlfile;
Sometimes Oracle takes forever to shutdown with the "immediate" option. As workaround to this problem, shutdown using these commands:
alter system checkpoint;
shutdown abort
startup restrict
shutdown immediate
Note that if you database is in ARCHIVELOG mode, one can still use archived log files to roll forward from an off-line backup. If you cannot take your database down for a cold (off-line) backup at a convenient time, switch your database into ARCHIVELOG mode and perform hot (on-line) backups.

What is the difference between SHOW_EDITOR and EDIT_TEXTITEM?
Show editor is the generic built-in which accepts any editor name and takes some input string and returns modified output string. Whereas the edit_textitem built-in needs the input focus to be in the text item before the built-in is executed.

What are the built-ins that are used to Attach an LOV programmatically to an item?
set_item_property
get_item_property
(by setting the LOV_NAME property)

How does one do on-line database backups? (for DBA )
Each tablespace that needs to be backed-up must be switched into backup mode before copying the files out to secondary storage (tapes). Look at this simple example.
ALTER TABLESPACE xyz BEGIN BACKUP;
! cp xyfFile1 /backupDir/
ALTER TABLESPACE xyz END BACKUP;
It is better to backup tablespace for tablespace than to put all tablespaces in backup mode. Backing them up separately incurs less overhead. When done, remember to backup your control files. Look at this example:
ALTER SYSTEM SWITCH LOGFILE; -- Force log switch to update control file headers
ALTER DATABASE BACKUP CONTROLFILE TO '/backupDir/control.dbf';
NOTE: Do not run on-line backups during peak processing periods. Oracle will write complete database blocks instead of the normal deltas to redo log files while in backup mode. This will lead to excessive database archiving and even database freezes.

How does one backup a database using RMAN? (for DBA )
The biggest advantage of RMAN is that it only backup used space in the database. Rman doesn't put tablespaces in backup mode, saving on redo generation overhead. RMAN will re-read database blocks until it gets a consistent image of it. Look at this simple backup example.
rman target sys/*** nocatalog
run {
allocate channel t1 type disk;
backup
format '/app/oracle/db_backup/%d_t%t_s%s_p%p'
( database );
release channel t1;
}
Example RMAN restore:
rman target sys/*** nocatalog
run {
allocate channel t1 type disk;
# set until time 'Aug 07 2000 :51';
restore tablespace users;
recover tablespace users;
release channel t1;
}
The examples above are extremely simplistic and only useful for illustrating basic concepts. By default Oracle uses the database controlfiles to store information about backups. Normally one would rather setup a RMAN catalog database to store RMAN metadata in. Read the Oracle Backup and Recovery Guide before implementing any RMAN backups.
Note: RMAN cannot write image copies directly to tape. One needs to use a third-party media manager that integrates with RMAN to backup directly to tape. Alternatively one can backup to disk and then manually copy the backups to tape.

What are the different file extensions that are created by oracle reports?
Rep file and Rdf file.

What is strip sources generate options?
Removes the source code from the library file and generates a library files that contains only pcode. The resulting file can be used for final deployment, but can not be subsequently edited in the designer.ex. f45gen module=old_lib.pll userid=scott/tiger strip_source YES output_file

How does one put a database into ARCHIVELOG mode? (for DBA )
The main reason for running in archivelog mode is that one can provide 24-hour availability and guarantee complete data recoverability. It is also necessary to enable ARCHIVELOG mode before one can start to use on-line database backups. To enable ARCHIVELOG mode, simply change your database startup command script, and bounce the database:
SQLPLUS> connect sys as sysdba
SQLPLUS> startup mount exclusive;
SQLPLUS> alter database archivelog;
SQLPLUS> archive log start;
SQLPLUS> alter database open;
NOTE1: Remember to take a baseline database backup right after enabling archivelog mode. Without it one would not be able to recover. Also, implement an archivelog backup to prevent the archive log directory from filling-up.
NOTE2: ARCHIVELOG mode was introduced with Oracle V6, and is essential for database point-in-time recovery. Archiving can be used in combination with on-line and off-line database backups.
NOTE3: You may want to set the following INIT.ORA parameters when enabling ARCHIVELOG mode: log_archive_start=TRUE, log_archive_dest=... and log_archive_format=...
NOTE4: You can change the archive log destination of a database on-line with the ARCHIVE LOG START TO 'directory'; statement. This statement is often used to switch archiving between a set of directories.
NOTE5: When running Oracle Real Application Server (RAC), you need to shut down all nodes before changing the database to ARCHIVELOG mode.

What is the basic data structure that is required for creating an LOV?
Record Group.

How does one backup archived log files? (for DBA )
One can backup archived log files using RMAN or any operating system backup utility. Remember to delete files after backing them up to prevent the archive log directory from filling up. If the archive log directory becomes full, your database will hang! Look at this simple RMAN backup script:
RMAN> run {
2> allocate channel dev1 type disk;
3> backup
4> format '/app/oracle/arch_backup/log_t%t_s%s_p%p'
5> (archivelog all delete input);
6> release channel dev1;
7> }

Does Oracle write to data files in begin/hot backup mode? (for DBA )
Oracle will stop updating file headers, but will continue to write data to the database files even if a tablespace is in backup mode.
In backup mode, Oracle will write out complete changed blocks to the redo log files. Normally only deltas (changes) are logged to the redo logs. This is done to enable reconstruction of a block if only half of it was backed up (split blocks). Because of this, one should notice increased log activity and archiving during on-line backups.

Interview Concepts

What is an interview?

An interview is a face-to-face meeting, especially for the purpose of obtaining a statement for assessing the qualities of a candidate. It further, indicates a physical meeting of people with two possible objectives:

* To obtain a statement or opinion – as is done when film stars are interviewed to get their views on any particular role, or when the prime minister is interviewed to get statement on the result of his discussion with another political leader.
* To assess a person for selection – such as interviews for jobs, admission to educational institutions, etc.

Preparing for an interview

* One of the most fundamental factors that contributes to the success of an interview is the time and quality of preparation made by you.
* The degree of preparedness for an interview helps reduce the uncertainty and anxiety prior to the interview.
* The amount of effort you wish to put into preparation is directly proportional to the importance of the interview.

What all you need to do before interview?

Learn about the organization

It is important to know the background of the institute you apply to. You must read its brochure and visit its website. It is important for the following reasons.

* Selectors cannot comprehend why and how a person can say he is keen to join an institute about which he knows little or nothing.
* From the interviewer’s point of view the good applicant is one who has done some homework about the organization.

What you must know is:

* A brief history of the organization.
* It’s main features
* Location
* Any important issue of the organization that has been newsworthy.
* Key people in the organization.

C interview Questions

1 Diffence arrays and pointers?
Arays may be defined as the containers we can store more than one datatypes

Pointers contains the address of the datatypes stored

2 What is static memory allocation and dynamic memory allocation?

When the memory is allocated before compilation than it is said to be allocated statically whereas when the memory is allocated at the runtime then it is said to be allocated dynamically.

3 How are pointer variables initialized?

pointer variables are initialized when the values for which it is a pointer is called.


4 What is the purpose of realloc( )?
This function is used to reallocate the memory deleted


5 Are pointers integers?
pointers are variables


6 What is a pointer variable?
When the value of the variable changes its address also changes so the pointers to the variables are said to be pointer variables.

7 What is a pointer value and address?

Pointer value gives the value of the variable, whereas pointer address gives the address where the variable is stored

8 what is a method?
method is defined as afun defined in class )


9 What is the purpose of main( ) function?
main() function returns a integer value for the exit of the program


10 What are the advantages of the functions?

by using the functions we can divide a program into smaller units so that it is easy to maintain a program and it also returns the value which can be used as arguments

11 What is an argument ? differentiate between formal arguments and actual
arguments?

arguments are the values which are passed to the function as input , formal arguments are those

which gets the address of the values whereas actual arguments gets the actual values.

12 What is a function and built-in function?

built-in functions are those which are provide by the c++ library


13 Differentiate between a linker and linkage?

14 When does the compiler not implicitly generate the address of the first element of an array?
because the pointer is not initiated at that time


15 What are the characteristics of arrays in C?

in arrays of c we can store a lot of same data of any datatype.


16 What is modular programming?

by the term modular programming we mean dividing the program into modules so that all the process goes systematically.

17 What is storage class and what are storage variable ?

18 What are advantages and disadvantages of external storage class?

19 Differentiate between an internal static and external static variable?
when the static variable is declared within a class then it is said to internal static variable and when the static variable is declared outside a class then it is said to be external static variable

20 What are the advantages of auto variables?
advantage of auto variable is that it automatically get initialized when called and automatically destroyed when the function exits.

21 Differentiate between an external variable definition and external variable declaration

when we declare the type of the variable outside any class or function then it is said to be external variable declared and when it is initialized to some value then it is said to be defined

22 Which expression always return true? Which always return false?

23 Write the equivalent expression for x%8?
X%=8

24 why n++ executes faster than n+1?
Because n+1 have to assign its value to some var whereas value of n++ can be directly used

25 what is a modulus operator? What are the restrictions of a modulus operator?

26 How do you print an address?
by using the reference operator in front of the var whose address we want to know

27 Is using exit() the same as using return?
no because exit function terminates the program whereas return() function returns the pointer to the next line where it has left before

28 Is it better to use a pointer to navigate an array of values,or is it better to use a subscripted array name?
it is better to use pointer to navigate an array of values


29 Can the sizeof operator be used to tell the size of an array passed to a function?
yes the sizeof operator can be used to tell the size of an array

30 Is it possible to execute code even after the program exits the main() function?
no we cant execute the code after the program exits te main program

31 What is a static function?
static function is the one which retains its value through out the program

32 Why should I prototype a function?
Prototype of a function is used for the strong type checking while compiling



33 What is the difference between a string and an array?
in a string the value stored is type character only whereas in an array we can store any type of datatype

34 Can math operations be performed on a void pointer?
no

35 How can you determine the size of an allocated portion of memory?
by using the memsize() function

36 What is a “null pointer assignment” error? What are bus errors, memory faults, and core dumps?


37 What is the difference between NULL and NUL?

38 What is the heap?
Heap is the place from where memory is allocated to the variables and s returned when deleted

39 Why should we assign NULL to the elements (pointer) after freeing them?
we should assign the value NULL to the elements after freeing them because if we don’t do this then we can free it again by mistake and can result In error.

40 What is a null pointer?
when the pointer doesn’t contains any value then it is said to be a null pointer


41 When should a far pointer be used?

42 Can the size of an array be declared at runtime?
Yes, the size of an array can be declared at runtime.

43 What is the stack?
Stack is a sort of data-structure where we can store data of any data type and which works on the principle of lifo(last in first out) it means the data inserted in the last will be out first.

44 What is the difference between far and near?

45 When would you use a pointer to a function?

46 How do you use a pointer to a function?

47 Can you add pointers together? Why would you?

48 What does it mean when a pointer is used in an if statement?


49 Is NULL always defined as 0?

50 What is a void pointer?
when the return type of the function is not known then it is safe to use void pointer.

51 Is it better to use malloc() or calloc()?


52 How many levels of pointers can you have?
There are two levels of pointers one level is when it is declared and the another level is when it is initialized

53 What is indirection?

54 How do you print only part of a string?

55 How can I convert a string to a number?
yes we can convert a string to number

56 How can I convert a number to a string?
By using the typecast operator by converting its data type to int.

57 What is #line used for?
#line is used for the preprocessor directives.

58 What is the difference between a string copy (strcpy) and a memory copy (memcpy)? When should each be used?
By using the strcpy we can copy one string to another string and in a memcopy we can copy a part of the memory

59 How can you check to see whether a symbol is defined?


60 How do you override a defined macro?
we can override a defined macro by defining the macro again in the code

61 What is a pragma?
Pagma is used for the export of data from one system to another

62 What are the standard predefined macros?
standard predefined macros are the one which are already defined in the library.

63 How can type-insensitive macros be created?
type-insensitive macros can be created by using the template function

64 How many levels deep can include files be nested?

65 Can include files be nested?
Yes include files can be included.

66 Can you define which header file to include at compile time?
when u use define pre-defined functions or operators in a program then we use those header files which contains these functions or operators.

67 What is the difference between #include and #include “file”?

When we use #include then the compiler searches for the file at the default address only but when we use #include ”file” then it searches for the whole.



68 Is it better to use a macro or a function?
it is better to use a function rather then a macro




69 What is the benefit of using an enum rather than a #define constant?
benefit of using enum rather then #defined is that by enum a list is created





70 What is the benefit of using #define to declare a constant?
the use of #define is that the memory is pre-allocated when we use #define





71 How are portions of a program disabled in demo versions?





72 Can a file other than a .h file be included with #include?
yes a file other than a.h can be included




73 How can you avoid including a header more than once?





74 What will the preprocessor do for a program?
the preprocessor substitutes the preprocessor directives into there respective positions




75 What is the difference between text and binary modes?
when we stores some data in the file then it can be stored in the binary modes i.e in 0’s or 1’s when stored in the tis it is said to be stored in binary mode. Binary mode generally uses less space as compared to the text mode


76 How can I search for data in a linked list?
in the linked list the address of the next node is given in the previous node thus by we can search data by the help of the addresses in a linked list.

77 What is a macro, and how do you use it?
macro is a subprogram whose code goes into the calling program when called. we can use it by using it as a preprocessor directive.


78 What is Preprocessor?
preprocessor is the one which calls the include files and allocates them to the required positon. It also allocates memory for #define memory variables.




79 How do you determine whether to use a stream function or a low-level function?





80 How can I open a file so that other programs can update it at the same time?



81 How can you restore a redirected standard stream?


.


82 How do you redirect a standard stream?





83 How can I make sure that my program is the only one accessing a file?



84 How can I sort a linked list?





85 How can you determine the maximum value that a numeric variable can hold?
by the datatype of the numeric value i.e it may be int. long, float etc




86 What is the quickest searching method to use?
Merge sort




87 What is the easiest searching method to use?
Bubble sort




88 What is the difference between declaring a variable and defining a variable?
in declaring a var we only gives the declaration of the datatype whereas by defining the var we initializes the value of the var.



89 What is the quickest sorting method to use?
Merge sort




90 What is the easiest sorting method to use?
the easiest sorting method to use is bubble sort




91 What is the benefit of using const for declaring constants?
when we want not to change the value of the var or function throughout the program then we use const



92 Can static variables be declared in a header file?
No static variable cant be declared in a header file.




93 What is hashing?



94 Is it acceptable to declare/define a variable in a C header?





95 When should a type cast not be used?
when we have to convert a small size var to a big size variable.




96 When should a type cast be used?
typecast should be used when we have to save the space




97 How can I sort things that are too large to bring into memory?




98 How reliable are floating-point comparisons?
It gives the exact values.




99 Can a variable be both const and volatile?
No a variable cant be both const and volatile




100 when should the volatile modifier be used?





101 When should the register modifier be used? Does it really help?





102 What is a const pointer?
const pointer is the pointer to the constant value.




103 What is page thrashing?





104 Array is an lvalue or not?





105 What is an lvalue?





106 What is the difference between goto and longjmp() and setjmp()?





107 When is a switch statement better than multiple if statements?
Switch statement is better than multiple if statements when we have to select a statement.

HR Interview Questions

1. TELL ME A LITTLE ABOUT YOURSELF.

Because this is often the opening question in an interview, be very careful that you don’t run off at the mouth. Keep your answer to a minute or two at most.

Cover four topics: early years, education, work history, and recent career experience. Emphasize this last subject. Remember that this is just a warm-up question. Don’t waste your best points on it.

2. WHAT DO YOU KNOW ABOUT OUR ORGANIZATION?

You should be able to discuss products or services, revenues, reputation, image, goals problems, management style, people, history, and philosophy. But don’t act as if you know everything about the place. Let your answer show that you have taken the time to do some research, but don’t try to overwhelm the interviewer, and make it clear that you wish to learn more.

Give your answer a positive tone. Don’t say. “Well, everyone tells me that the company’s in heaps of trouble and that’s why I’m here”– even if that is why you’re there.

3. WHY DO YOU WANT TO WORK FOR US?

The deadliest answer you can give is “Because I like people”. Here, and throughout the interview, a good answer comes from having done your homework so you can speak in terms of the company’s needs. You might say your research has shown that the company is doing things you would like to be involved with and it’s doing them in ways that interest you. For example, if the organization is known for strong management, your answer should mention that fact and show that you would like to be a part of that team. If the company places a great deal of emphasis on research and development; emphasize the fact that you want to create new things and that you know this to be a place in which inventiveness is encouraged. If the organization stresses financial controls, your answer should mention a reverence for numbers.

4. WHAT CAN YOU DO FOR US THAT SOMEONE ELSE CAN’T?

Here you have every right, and perhaps obligation to toot your own horn and be a bit egotistical. Talk about your record of getting things done, and mention specifics from your resume or inventory of career accomplishments. Say that your skills and interest, combined with a history of getting results, makes you valuable. Mention your ability to set priorities, identify problems, and use your experience and energy to solve them.

5. WHAT DO YOU FIND MOST ATTRACTIVE ABOUT THIS POSITION? WHAT SEEMS LEAST ATTRACTIVE ABOUT IT?

List three or four attractive features of the job, and mention a single, minor, unattractive item.

6. WHY SHOULD WE HIRE YOU?

Create your answer by thinking in terms of your ability, your experience, and your energy. (See Question 4)

7. WHAT DO YOU LOOK FOR IN A JOB?

Keep your answer oriented to opportunities at the organization. Talk about your desire to perform and be recognized for your contributions. Orient your answer toward opportunities rather than personal security.

8. PLEASE GIVE ME YOUR DEFINITON OF THE POSITION FOR WHICH YOU ARE BEING INTERVIEWED.

Keep your answer brief and task-oriented. Think in terms of responsibilities and accountability. Make sure that you really do understand what the position involves before you attempt an answer. If you aren’t certain, ask the interviewer; he or she may answer the question for you.

9. HOW LONG WOULD IT TAKE YOU TO MAKE A MEANINGFUL CONTRIBUTION TO OUR FIRM?

Be realistic. Say that, while you would expect to meet pressing demands and pull your own weight from the first day, it might take six months to a year before you could expect to know the organization and its needs well enough to make a major contribution.

10. HOW LONG WOULD YOU STAY WITH US?

Say that you are interested in a career with the organization, but admit that you would have to continue to feel challenged to remain with any organization. Think in terms of “As long as we both feel achievement-oriented.”

11. YOUR RESUME SUGGESTS THAT YOU MAY BE OVERQUALIFIED OR TOO EXPERIENCED FOR THIS POSITON. WHAT DO YOU THINK?

Emphasize your interest in establishing a long-term association with the organization, and say that you assume that if you perform well in this job, new opportunities will open up for you.

Mention that a strong company needs a strong staff. Observe that experienced individuals are always at a premium. Suggest that because you are so well qualified, the company will get a fast return on its investment. Say that a growing, energetic company can never have too much talent.

12. WHAT IS YOUR MANAGEMENT STYLE?

You should know enough about the company’s style to know that your management style will complement it. Possible styles include: task-oriented (“I enjoy problem solving, identifying what’s wrong, choosing a solution, and implementing it”); or results-oriented (“Every decision I make is determined by how it will affect the bottom line”). The participative style is also popular: an open-door method of managing in which you get things done by motivating people and delegating responsibility.

13. ARE YOU A GOOD MANAGER? CAN YOU GIVE ME SOME EXAMPLES? DO YOU FEEL THAT YOU HAVE TOP-MANAGEMENT POTENTIAL?

Keep your answer achievement and task-oriented. Rely on examples from your career to support your statements. Stress your experience and your energy.

14. WHAT DO YOU LOOK FOR WHEN YOU HIRE PEOPLE?

Think in terms of skills, initiative and the adaptability to be able to work comfortably and productively with others. Mention that you like to hire people who appear capable of moving up in an organization.

15. HAVE YOU EVER HAD TO FIRE PEOPLE? WHAT WERE THE REASONS, AND HOW DID YOU HANDLE THE SITUATION?

Admit that the situation wasn’t easy, but say that it worked out well, both for the company and, you think, for the individual or individuals involved. Explain that, like anyone else, you don’t enjoy unpleasant tasks but that you can resolve them efficiently and in the case of firing someone, humanely.

16. WHAT IMPORTANT TRENDS DO YOU SEE IN OUR INDUSTRY?

Be prepared with two or three trends that illustrate how well you understand your industry. You might consider technological challenges or opportunities, economic conditions, the current competitive situation, or even regulatory demands related to the direction in which our business is heading.

17. WHAT ARE THE FRONTIERS OR CUTTING EDGE ISSUES IN OUR INDUSTRY?

Be prepared with two or three key issues.

18. WHY ARE YOU LEAVING (DIDYOU LEAVE) YOUR PRESENT (LAST) POSITION?

Be brief, to the point, and as honest as you can without hurting yourself. If you were laid off in a staff reduction, say so; otherwise indicate that the move was your decision, the result of your desire to advance your career. Don’t mention personality conflicts.

The interviewer may spend some time probing you on this issue. Don’t fabricate a story for an interview; even in today’s reference-shy climate, your story might be checked.

19. IN YOUR CURRENT (LAST) POSITION, WHAT FEATURES DO (DID) YOU LIKE THE MOST? LIKE THE LEAST?

Be careful and be positive. Describe more features that you liked than disliked. Don’t cite personality problems. If you make your last job sound terrible, an interviewer may wonder why you’ve remained there until now or whether you have an attitude problem that would be likely to show up in a new job too.

20. IN YOUR CURRENT (LAST) POSITION, WHAT HAVE BEEN (WERE) YOUR FIVE MOST SIGNIFICANT ACCOMPLISHMENTS?

Have specific examples ready. If you’re asked for five examples, don’t cite ten. If you want to show that you were responsible for more than five major achievements, you can say, “I’ve given you the five that seem most important to me. There are others, if you’d like to hear about some other areas of my work.” Then, if the interviewer asks for additional accomplishments, you can give them without appearing to boast.

21. WHAT DO YOU THINK OF YOUR (FORMER) BOSS?

Be as positive as you can. A potential boss will anticipate that you might talk about him or her in similar terms at some point in the future.

22. WOULD YOU DESCRIBE A FEW SITUATIONS IN WHICH YOUR WORK WAS CRITICIZED?

Be specific. Don’t be emotional. Think in terms of constructive criticism. Show that you responded positively and benefited from the criticism.

23. IF I SPOKE WITH YOUR (FORMER) BOSS, WHAT WOULD HE OR SHE SAY ARE YOUR GREATEST STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES?

Name three or four strengths and only one weakness; be honest but not negative.

24. CAN YOU WORK UNDER PRESSURE AND DEAL WITH DEADLINES?

Observe that both are facts of business life. Take examples from your list of accomplishments to show how you have dealt successfully with pressure and deadlines in the past.

25. DID YOU CHANGE THE NATURE OF YOUR JOB?

Tell how you improved it.

26. DO YOU PREFER STAFF OR FIELD WORK?

Say that it depends on the job and its challenges.

27. IN YOUR PRESENT (LAST) POSITION, WHAT PROBLEMS DID YOU IDENTIFY THAT HAD PREVIOUSLY BEEN OVERLOOKED?

Be brief and don’t brag. Indicate the positive changes your suggestions or leadership resulted in.

28. IF YOU COULD CHOOSE ANY JOB AT ANY COMPANY, WHERE YOU GO?

Talk about the job and company for which you are being interviewed.

29. WHAT DO YOU FEEL THIS POSITION SHOULD PAY?

Salary is a delicate topic. We suggest that you defer tying yourself to a precise figure for as long as you can do so politely. You might say, “I understand that the range for this job is between $XX and $YY. That seems appropriate for the job as I understand it.” You might answer the question with a question: “Perhaps you can help me on this one. Can you tell me if there is a range for similar jobs in the organization?

If you’re asked the question during an initial screening interview, you might say that you feel you need to know more about the responsibilities involved before giving a meaningful answer. Here too, either by asking the interviewer or doing research during your investigation of the company, you can try to find out whether there is a salary grade attached to the job. If there is, and if you can live with it, say that the range seems right to you.

If the interviewer continues to probe, you might say, “You know that I’m making $XX now. Like everyone else, I’d like to improve on that figure, but my major interest is in the job itself”.

If no price range is attached to the job and the interviewer continues to press the subject, then you will have to respond with a number. You can’t leave the impression that it doesn’t really matter, that you’ll accept whatever is offered.

Don’t sell yourself short, but continue to stress the fact that the job itself is the most important thing in your mind. The interviewer may be trying to determine just how much you want the job. Don’t leave the impression that money is the only thing that is important to you. Link questions of salary to the work itself.

But, whenever possible, say as little as you can about salary until you reach the final stage of the interviewing process. At this point, you know the company is genuinely interested in you and they are more likely to be flexible in salary negations.

30. WHAT OTHER JOBS OR COMPANIES ARE YOU CONSIDERING?

Restrict your answer to fields that are similar to the one in which this company operates.

31. WHAT WAS THE LAST BOOK YOU READ? MOVIE YOU SAW? SPORTING EVENT YOU ATTENDED?

Try to show that you lead a balanced life when answering questions about outside activities.

32. ARE YOU CREATIVE?

Be prepared with work-related examples of creativity.

33. DO YOU CONSIDER YOURSELF A LEADER?

Take examples from your work experience.

34. WHAT ARE YOUR LONG-RANGE GOALS?

Refer back to the self-assessment phase of your career continuation efforts. Don’t answer, “I want the job you’ve advertise.” Relate your goals to the company you’re interviewing for: “in a firm like yours, I would like to….”

35. WHAT ARE YOUR STRONG POINTS?

Present at least three. Use concrete, work related examples to illustrate them. Try to relate your answer to the interviewing organization and the specific job opening.

36. WHAT ARE YOUR WEAK POINTS?

Don’t say that you have none. But try to make a negative sound like a strength carried just a bit too far: “I sometimes get impatient and become too deeply involved when a project is running late”

Don’t offer a list of weaknesses. A good interviewer is likely to press you a bit by saying, “Is there something else?” You might answer, “No, I don’t think so on that topic.” If the interviewer persists, come up with a second weakness, but only if you are asked for it. Don’t offer negative information unnecessarily. If the interviewer continues on and asks for a third weakness, say politely that you really can’t think of anything else.

Finally, show that you are working to correct your weaknesses.

37. IF YOU COULD START YOUR CAREER AGAIN, WHAT WOULD YOU DO DIFFERENTLY?

38.

The best answer is, “Not a thing”. You should try to present yourself as an individual who is happy with his or her life. You’ve enjoyed its ups and downs. You would not, as a result, want to change the things that brought you to where you are today. Mention that it is your past; after all, that has prepared you for this position.

38. WHAT CAREER OPTIONS DO YOU HAVE AT THIS MOMENT?

You should try to identify three areas of interest, one of which includes this company and job. The other two should be in related fields.

39. HOW WOULD YOU DEFINE SUCCESS?

Think in terms of a sense of well-being. Consider opportunity and responsibility as components of success.

40. HOW SUCCESSFUL DO YOU THINK YOU’VE BEEN SO FAR?

Say that, all in all, you’re happy with the way your career has progressed. Give the normal ups and downs of life, you feel that you’ve done quite well and expect to continue to succeed in the future. Present a positive and confident picture of yourself, don’t overstate your case. An answer like “Everything’s wonderful; I’m overjoyed!” is likely to make an interviewer wonder whether you’re trying to fool him or yourself. The most convincing confidence is usually quite confidence.

ABAP / 4 Interview Questions

1) What is SAP R/3?

Ans SAP R/3 refers to Systems Application and Product for data processing Real-time having a 3 tier architecture i.e. Presentation layer, Application layer and Database layer.

2) What are the programming standards followed?

3) What are the contents in technical specifications?

Ans There are five contents in Technical Settings: Data Class, Size Category, Buffering Permission, Buffering Type and Logging.

4) What is an instance?

Ans When you call a function module, an instance of its function group plus its data, is loaded into the memory area of the internal session. An ABAP program can load several instances by calling function modules from different function groups.

5) How to take care of performance in ABAP Development?

6) What is Function group? Difference between function group and function module?

Ans Function Groups act as containers for Function Modules that logically belong together.

Function Groups

1) These cannot be defined in a Function Module.

2) It cannot be called.

3) They are containers for Function Module.

Function Modules

1) These must be defined in a Function Group.

2) It can be called from any program.

3) They are not containers for Function Group.

7) What is the difference between 'Select single * ' and 'Select upto 1 rows'?

Ans ‘Select single *’ – The result of the selection should be a single entry. If it is not possible to identify a unique entry, the system uses the first line of the selection. For e.g.

DATA : ITAB TYPE ZREKHA_EMP.

SELECT SINGLE * FROM ZREKHA_EMP INTO ITAB

WHERE EMPNO = ‘00101’ AND DEPTNO = ‘0010’.

WRITE : / ITAB-EMPNO, ITAB-EMPNAME,ITAB-DEPTNO.

Select upto 1 rows -

8) What Function does data dictionary perform?

Ans Central information repository for application and system data. The ABAP Dictionary contains data definitions (metadata) that allow you to describe all of the data structures in the system (like tables, views, and data types) in one place. This eliminates redundancy.

9) Difference between domain and data element? What are aggregate object?

Ans Domain - Specifies the technical attributes of a data element - its data type, length, possible values, and appearance on the screen. Each data element has an underlying domain. A single domain can be the basis for several data elements. Domains are objects in the ABAP Dictionary.

Data Element - Describes the business function of a table field. Its technical attributes are based on a domain, and its business function is described by its field labels and documentation.

Aggregate Object – Views, Match Code and Lock objects are called aggregate objects because they are formed from several related table.

10) What is view? Different types of view. Explain?

Ans View - A view is a virtual table containing fields from one or more tables. A virtual table that does not contain any data, but instead provides an application-oriented view of one or more ABAP Dictionary tables.

Different Types of View:

1) Maintenance

2) Database – It is on more than two tables.

3) Projection – It is only on one table.

4) Help

11) Can u print decimals in type N? What is difference between float and packed data type?

Ans No, we cannot print decimals in type N because decimal places are not permitted with N

data type.

Float Data Type: It cannot be declared in Parameters.

Packed Number: It can be declared in Parameters. For e.g.

PARAMETERS : A(4) TYPE P DECIMALS 2,

B(4) TYPE P DECIMALS 2.

DATA : C(4) TYPE P DECIMALS 2.

C = A + B.

WRITE : / ‘THE SUM IS’ , C.

12) What is step-loop? Explain all the steps?

Ans A step loop is a repeated series of field-blocks in a screen. Each block can contain one or more fields, and can extend over more than one line on the screen.

Step loops as structures in a screen do not have individual names. The screen can contain more than one step-loop, but if so, you must program the LOOP...ENDLOOPs in the flow logic accordingly. The ordering of the LOOP...ENDLOOPs must exactly parallel the order of the step loops in the screen. The ordering tells the system which loop processing to apply to which loop. Step loops in a screen are ordered primarily by screen row, and secondarily by screen column.

Transaction TZ61 (development class SDWA) implements a step loop version of the table you saw in transaction TZ60.

Static and Dynamic Step Loops

Step loops fall into two classes: static and dynamic. Static step loops have a fixed size that cannot be changed at runtime. Dynamic step loops are variable in size. If the user re-sizes the window, the system automatically increases or decreases the number of step loop blocks displayed. In any given screen, you can define any number of static step loops, but only a single dynamic one.

You specify the class for a step loop in the Screen Painter. Each loop in a screen has the attributes Looptype (fixed=static, variable=dynamic) and Loopcount. If a loop is fixed, the Loopcount tells the number of loop-blocks displayed for the loop. This number can never change.

Programming with static and dynamic step loops is essentially the same. You can use both the LOOP and LOOP AT statements for both types.

Looping in a Step Loop

When you use LOOP AT with a step loop, the system automatically displays the step loop with vertical scroll bars. The scroll bars, and the updated (scrolled) table display, are managed by the system.

Use the following additional parameters if desired:

• FROM and TO
• CURSOR

13) What is the initial value and maximum length of all data type?

Ans

Data Type	Initial field length	Valid field length	Initial value	Meaning
Numeric types
I	4	4	0	Integer (whole number)
F	8	8	0	Floating point number
P	8	1 – 16	0	Packed number
Character types
C	1	1 – 65535	' … '	Text field (alphanumeric characters)
D	8	8	'00000000'	Date field (Format: YYYYMMDD)
N	1	1 – 65535	'0 … 0'	Numeric text field (numeric characters)
T	6	6	'000000'	Time field (format: HHMMSS)
Hexadecimal type
X	1	1 – 65535	X'0 … 0'	Hexadecimal field

14) What are the ways to find out the tables used in the program?

Ans

15) Can you have two detail lists from the basic list at the same time?

If yes how and if no why?

Ans

16) What are the different functions used in sap script? What are the parameters used in each Function?

Ans There are three different functions used in SAP Script:

1) OPEN_FORM

2) WRITE_FORM

3) CLOSE_FORM

Parameters in Each Function:

1) OPEN_FORM –

Exporting

Form

Language

2) WRITE_FORM –

Exporting

Element

Window

3) CLOSE_FORM

17) What is sequence of event triggered in report?

Ans There are 6 events in report:

1) Initialization

2) At Selection-Screen

3) Start-of-Selection

4) Get

5) Get Late

6) End-of-Selection

7) Top-of-Page

8) End-of-Page

9) At Line Selection

10) At User Command

11) At PF (nn)

18) What are standard layouts sets in the SAP Script?

Ans There are four standard layouts in the SAP Script:

1) Header

2) Logo

3) Main Window

4) Footer

19) What function module upload data from application server?

Ans

20) What are the various types of selection screen event?

Ans SELECTION-SCREEN BEGIN OF BLOCK ABC WITH FRAME TITLE T01.

SELECTION-SCREEN BEGIN OF SCREEN 500 AS WINDOW.

CALL SELECTION-SCREEN 500 STARTING AT 10 10.

21) What do you know about a client?

Ans

22) What are the system fields? Explain?

Ans The ABAP system fields are active in all ABAP programs. They are filled by the runtime environment, and you can query their values in a program to find out particular states of the system. Although they are variables, you should not assign your own values to them, since this may overwrite information that is important for the normal running of the program. However, there are some isolated cases in which you may need to overwrite a system variable. For example, by assigning a new value to the field SY-LSIND, you can control navigation within details lists.

23) What is SAP Script? What is the purpose of SAP Script? Difference between

SAP Script and Report?

Ans SAP Script – It is the integrated text management system of the SAP R/3 System. Two types – PC Editor & Line Editor.

Reports - It is the way to display data fetched from database table onto screen or directly output it to a printer. Two types – Classical and Interactive.

24) What is the use of occurs in internal table? Can u change occurs value in program?

Ans Use of Occurs - If you use the OCCURS parameter, the value of the INITIAL SIZE of the table is returned to the variable

Data : Begin of ITAB occurs 0,

End of ITAB.

Occurs or Initial Size – to specify the initial amount of memory that should be assigned to the table.

Yes, we can change the occurs value in program but output remains the same.

25) Difference between SY-TABIX and SY-INDEX? Where it is used?

Can u check SY-SUBRC after perform?

Ans SY-TABIX - Current line of an internal table. SY-TABIX is set by the statements below, but only for index tables. The field is either not set or is set to 0 for hashed tables.

• APPEND sets SY-TABIX to the index of the last line of the table, that is, it contains the overall number of entries in the table.

• COLLECT sets SY-TABIX to the index of the existing or inserted line in the table. If the table has the type HASHED TABLE, SY-TABIX is set to 0.

• LOOP AT sets SY-TABIX to the index of the current line at the beginning of each loop lass. At the end of the loop, SY-TABIX is reset to the value that it had before entering the loop. It is set to 0 if the table has the type HASHED TABLE.

• READ TABLE sets SY-TABIX to the index of the table line read. If you use a binary search, and the system does not find a line, SY-TABIX contains the total number of lines, or one more than the total number of lines. SY-INDEX is undefined if a linear search fails to return an entry.

• SEARCH FOR sets SY-TABIX to the index of the table line in which the search string is found.

SY_INDEX - In a DO or WHILE loop, SY-INDEX contains the number of loop passes including the current pass.

26) Difference between UPLOAD and WS_UPLOAD?

Ans UPLOAD - File transfer with dialog from presentation server file to internal table. Data which is available in a file on the presentation server is transferred in an internal table. ASCII & Binary files can be transferred.

WS_UPLOAD - To read data from the presentation server into an internal table without a user dialog, use the function module WS_UPLOAD. The most important parameters are listed below.

Parameters	Function
CODEPAGE	Only for upload under DOS: Value IBM
FILENAME	Filename
FILETYPE	File type

27) Why did u switch to SAP?

Ans

28) What is a Logical Database?

Ans Logical Databases are special ABAP programs that retrieve data and make it available to application programs.

Use of LDB – is used to read data from database tables by linking them to executable ABAP programs.

29) What are the events used for Logical Database?

Ans Two Events –

1) GET - This is the most important event for executable programs that use a logical database. It occurs when the logical database has read a line from the node

and made it available to the program in the work area declared using the statement NODES . The depth to which the logical database is read is determined by the GET statements

2) PUT - The PUT statement directs the program flow according to the structure of

the logical database.

30) What is the difference between Get and Get Late?

Ans GET - After the logical database has read an entry from the node

.

GET LATE - After all of the nodes of the logical database have been processed that are below

in the database hierarchy.

31) What are the data types of Internal Tables?

Ans There are three types:

1) Line

2) Key

3) Table

32) What are the events used in ABAP in the order of execution?

Ans Events are:

1. INITIALIZATION

2. AT SELECTION-SCREEN

3. AT SELECTION-SCREEN ON

4. START-OF-SELECTION

5. TOP-OF-PAGE

6. TOP-OF-PAGE DURING LINE SELECTION

7. END-OF-PAGE

8. END-OF-SELECTION

9. AT USER-COMMAND

10. AT LINE-SELECTION

11. AT PF

12. GET

13. GET LATE.

14. AT User Command

33) What are Interactive Reports?

Ans An output list which displays just the basic details & allow user to interact, so that a new list is populated based on user-selection. With interactive list, the user can actively control data retrieval and display during the session.

34) What are the commands used for interactive reports?

Ans Top-of-Page during line-selection

35) What are the system fields u have worked with? Explain?

Ans I had worked with the following (30) system fields:

1) SY-DBSYS - Central Database

2) SY-HOST - Server

3) SY-OPSYS - Operating System

4) SY-SAPRL - SAP Release

5) SY-SYSID - System Name

6) SY-LANGU - User Logon Language

7) SY-MANDT - Client

8) SY-UNAME - Logon User Name

9) SY-DATLO - Local Date

10) SY-DATUM - Server Date

11) SY-TIMLO - Local Time

12) SY-UZEIT - Server Time

13) SY-DYNNR - Screen Number

14) SY-REPID - Current ABAP program

15) SY-TCODE - Transaction Code

16) SY-ULINE - Horizontal Line

17) SY-VLINE - Vertical Line

18) SY-INDEX - Number of current loop Pass

19) SY-TABIX - Current line of internal table

20) SY-DBCNT - Number of table entries processed

21) SY-SUBRC - Return Code

22) SY-UCOMM - Function Code

23) SY-LINCT - Page Length of list

24) SY-LINNO - Current Line

25) SY-PAGNO - Current Page Number

26) SY-LSIND - Index of List

27) SY-MSGID - Message Class

28) SY-MSGNO - Message Number

29) SY-MSGTY - Message Type

30) SY-SPONO - Spool number during printing

36) What is the difference between Primary key and Unique Key?

Ans Primary Key – It can accepts 0 value and cannot be NULL.

Unique Key – It can be NULL.

37) What is the transaction code for Table maintenance?

Ans SM30

38) If u are using Logical Databases how will u modify the selection-screen elements?

Ans Select-options : dname for deptt-dname.

39) What is an RFC?

Ans Remote Function Call

40) If u are using RFC and passing values to a remote system how does it work?

Ans

41) What are the events in Screen Programming?

Ans There are two events in Screen Programming:

1. PBO (Process Before Output) – Before the screen is displayed, the PBO event is processed.
2. PAI (Process After Input) – When the user interacts with the screen, the PAI event is processed.
3. POH (Process On Help) - are triggered when the user requests field help (F1). You can program the appropriate coding in the corresponding event blocks. At the end of processing, the system carries on processing the current screen.
4. POV (Process On Value) - are triggered when the user requests possible values help (F4). You can program the appropriate coding in the corresponding event blocks. At the end of processing, the system carries on processing the current screen.

42) What is the significance of HIDE?

Ans Its stores the click value and display the related record in the secondary list.

43) Where do u code the HIDE statement?

Ans In a LOOP statement

44) Types of BDC's?

Ans There are two types of BDC’s:

1) Transaction Method

2) Session Method

45) Advantages & Disadvantages of different types of BDC's?

Ans Transaction Method:

1) It is faster than session method.

2) While executing, it starts from starting.

Session Method:

1) It is slower than transaction method.

2) While executing, it does not start from starting.

46) What are the events used in Interactive Reports.

Ans There are three events of Interactive Reports:

I. At PF(nn)

II. At line-selection

III. At user-command

47) What is an RDBMS?

Ans RDBMS – Relational Database Management System. It helps to create relationship between two or more table.

48) What standards u use to follow while coding ABAP programs?

Ans

49) What will you code in START-OF-SELECTION & END-OF-SELECTON & why?

Ans START-OF-SELECTION

SELECT * FROM DEPTT INTO CORRESPONDING FIELDS OF ITAB

WHERE DEPTNO IN DEPTNO.

APPEND ITAB.

ENDSELECT.

LOOP AT ITAB.

WRITE : / 10 ITAB-DEPTNO.

HIDE : ITAB-DEPTNO.

ENDLOOP.

END-OF-SELECTION

50) What are joins and different types joins?

Ans There are four types of Joins:

1) Self Join

2) Inner Join

3) Outer Join

4) Equi Join

51) Which is the default join?

Ans

52) How do u display a data in a Detail List?

Ans By using two statements:

1) Top-of-page during line-selection

2) At line-selection

53) What are the types of windows in SAP Script?

Ans There are five Standard Layouts in SAP Script:

1) Page

2) Window

3) Page Window

4) Paragraph Format

5) Character Format

54) What are the function modules used in a SAP Script driver program?

Ans There are three functions used in SAP Script:

1) OPEN_FORM

2) WRITE_FORM

3) CLOSE_FORM

55) What are Extracts?

Ans Extracts are dynamic sequential datasets in which different lines can have different structures. We can access the individual records in an extract dataset using a LOOP.

56) How would u go about improving the performance of a Program, which selects data from MSEG & MKPF?

Ans

57) How does System work in case of an Interactive Report?

Ans

58) What is LUW?

Ans Logical Unit of Work

59) Different types of LUWs. What r they?

Ans Two types of LUW are:

1) DB LUW - A database LUW is the mechanism used by the database to ensure that its data is always consistent. A database LUW is an inseparable sequence of database operations that ends with a database commit. The database LUW is either fully executed by the database system or not at all. Once a database LUW has been successfully executed, the database will be in a consistent state. If an error occurs within a database LUW, all of the database changes since the beginning of the database LUW are reversed. This leaves the database in the state it had before the transaction started.

2) SAP LUW - A logical unit consisting of dialog steps, whose changes are written to the database in a single database LUW is called an SAP LUW. Unlike a database LUW, an SAP LUW can span several dialog steps, and be executed using a series of different work processes.

60) What is First event triggered in program?

Ans

61) What are various Joins? What is right outer join?

Ans

62) How do u find out whether a file exits on the presentation server?

Ans eps_get_directory_listing for directory

63) Systems fields used for Interactive Lists AND Lists

Ans Interactive System Fields: SY-LSIND, SY-CPAGE, SY-LILLI, SY-LISEL, SY-LISTI,

SY-LSTAT, SY-STACO, SY-STARO

Lists: SY-COLNO, SY-LINCT, SY-LINNO, SY-LINSZ, SY-PAGNO,

SY-TVAR0…..SY-TVAR9, SY-WTITL

64) Logo in SAP Script?

Ans RSTXLDMC OR

Steps for making and inserting Logo in SAP Script:

First Procedure:

1) Draw the picture

2) Save it

3) /nSE78

4) Write name & Choose Color

5) Click on Import

6) Browse picture

7) Enter

Second Procedure

1) /nSE71

2) Insert

3) Graphics

4) Click on stored on document server

5) Execute

6) Choose name of BMAP

65) What are the difference between call screen and leave screen?

Ans Call Screen: Calling a single screen is a special case of embedding a screen sequence. If you want to prevent the called screen from covering the current screen completely, you can use the CALL SCREEN statement with the STARTING AT and ENDING AT

CALL SCREEN 1000.

CALL SCREEN 1000 STARTING AT 10 10 ENDING AT 20 20.

LEAVE SCREEN statement ends the current screen and calls the subsequent screen.

LEAVE SCREEN.

LEAVE TO SCREEN 2000.

66) If internal table used in for all entries in empty then what happens

Ans No, records will be displayed.

67) If I forgot some command in SAP Script e.g.: suppress zero display - How to do find it?

Ans Suppressing of entire screens is possible with this command. This command allows us to perform screen processing “in the background”. Suppressing screens is useful when we are branching to list-mode from a transaction dialog step.

68) How to write a BDC - how do u go about it?

Ans Steps for writing BDC

1) /nSE38

2) Declare Tables, Data (for ITAB) and Data (for BDCITAB)

3) Call function ‘Upload’.

4) Write code for the First Screen, Radio Button, Filename, Change Button, Second Screen, Utilities (Create Entries), Third Screen and Save.

5) Call transaction ‘SE11’ using BDCITAB mode ‘A’.

6) Save, Check Errors, Activate and Execute.

69) What is Performance tuning?

Ans

70) Define Documentation.

Ans

71) Brief about Testing of programs.

Ans

72) How do u move on to the next screen in interactive reporting?

Ans Write code of the following:

1) Top-of-Page during line-selection

2) At line-selection

73) Create any functions? How to go about it?

Ans Steps for creating the Functions:

First Procedure:

1) /nSE37

2) Goto

3) Function Group (FG)

4) Create Group

5) Name of FG (ZREKHA_FG)

6) Short Text

7) Save

8) Local Object

Second Procedure

1) Environment

2) Inactive Object

3) Function Group (ZREKHA_FG)

4) Activate

5) Back

Third Procedure

1) Name of Function Module (ZREKHA_FM)

2) Create

3) Write FG Name (ZREKHA_FG)

4) Short Text

5) Save

Fourth Step:

Call function ‘ZREKHA_FM’.

74) Advanced topics?

Ans

75) Function modules used in F4 help.

Ans There are two types of function modules used in F4 help:

1) F4IF_FIELD_VALUE_REQUEST

2) F4IF_INT_TABLE_VALUE_REQUEST

76) Work most on which module: Name a few tables.

Ans Sales & Distribution Module

1) Sales Document: Item Data – VBAP

2) Sales Document: Partner – VBPA

3) Sales Document: Header Data – VBAK

4) Sales Document Flow – VBFA

5) Sales Document: Delivery Item Data - LIPS

6) Customer Master – KNA1

7) Material Data – MARA

8) Conditions (Transaction Data) - KONV

77) System Table used

Ans

1) Sales Document: Item Data – VBAP

2) Sales Document: Partner – VBPA

3) Sales Document: Header Data – VBAK

4) Sales Document Flow – VBFA

5) Sales Document: Delivery Item Data - LIPS

6) Customer Master – KNA1

7) Material Data – MARA

8) Conditions (Transaction Data) - KONV

78) From a table how do u find whether a material is used in another material BOM?

Ans

79) What is read line?

Ans READ LINE and READ CURRENT LINE – These statements are used to read data from the lines of existing list levels. These statements are closely connected to the HIDE technique.

80) How u used logical database? How is data transferred to program? Corresponding statement in LDB.

Ans

81) How do u suppress fields on selection screen generated by LDB?

Ans

82) Can there be more than 1 main window in SAP Script?

Ans No, there cannot be more than 1 main window in SAP Script because in WRITE_FORM, it asks for the parameter Window that will create the problem.

WRITE_FORM –

Exporting

Element

Window

83) Global and local data in function modules.

Ans

84) What are the differences between SAP memory and ABAP memory?

Ans ABAP Memory is a memory area in the internal session (roll area) of an ABAP program. Data within this area is retained within a sequence of program calls, allowing you to pass data between programs that call one another. It is also possible to pass data between sessions using SAP Memory.

SAP Memory is a memory area to which all sessions within a SAPgui have access. You can use SAP memory either to pass data from one program to another within a session (as with ABAP memory) or to pass data from one session to another.

85) What are differences between At selection-screen and At selection-screen output?

Ans AT SELECTION-SCREEN event is triggered in the PAI of the selection screen once the ABAP runtime environment has passed all of the input data from the selection screen to the ABAP program.

AT SELECTION-SCREEN OUTPUT - This event block allows you to modify the selection screen directly before it is displayed.

86) What are the events?

Ans

87) What is get cursor field?

Ans GET CURSOR statement transfers the name of the screen element on which the cursor is positioned during a user action into the variable .

GET CURSOR FIELD [OFFSET ] [LINE ] [VALUE ] LENGTH ].

88) What is the inside concept in select-options?

Ans Select-options specify are displayed on the selection screen for the user to enter values.

Different Properties of Select-options:

1) Visible Length

2) Matchcode Object

3) Memory ID

4) Lowercase

5) Obligatory

6) No Display

7) Modify ID

89) What is the difference between occurs 1 and occurs 2?

Ans

90) What is the difference between Free and Refresh?

Ans Free - You can use FREE to initialize an internal table and release its memory space without first using the REFRESH or CLEAR statement. Like REFRESH, FREE works on the table body, not on the table work area. After a FREE statement, you can address the internal table again. It still occupies the amount of memory required for its header (currently 256 bytes). When you refill the table, the system has to allocate new memory space to the lines.

Refresh - This always applies to the body of the table. As with the CLEAR statement, the memory used by the table before you initialized it remains allocated. To release the memory space, use the statement

91) What are elements?

Ans

92) Can we have more than one selection-screen and how?

Ans Yes, we can have more than one selection screen.

Selection-screen begin of block honey with frame title text-101.

Select-options : deptno for zrekha_deptt-deptno.

Selection-screen end of block honey.

Selection-screen begin of block honey1 with frame title text-102.

Select-options : dname for zrekha_deptt-dname.

Selection-screen end of block honey1.

93) How to declare select-option as a parameter?

Ans SELECT-OPTIONS: specify are displayed on the selection screen for the user to enter values.

Parameters: dname like dept-dname.

Select-options: dname for dept-dname.

94) How can u write programmatically value help to a field without using search help and

match codes?

Ans By using two types of function modules to be called in SAP Script:

1) HELP_OBJECT_SHOW_FOR_FIELD

2) HELP_OBJECT_SHOW

95) What are the differences between SE01, SE09 and SE10?

Ans SE01 - Correction & Transport Organizer

SE09 - Workbench Organizer

SE10 - Customizing Organizer

96) How to set destination?

Ans

97) What are the function module types?

Ans

98) What are tables?

Ans Tables : ZREKHA_EMP.

It creates a structure – the table work area in a program for the database tables, views or structure ZREKHA_EMP. The table work area has the same name as the object for which we created it. ZREKHA_EMP must be declared in the ABAP dictionary. The name and sequence of fields in the table work area ZREKHA_EMP corresponds exactly to the sequence of fields in the database table, view definition in the ABAP dictionary.

99) What are client-dependant tables and independent tables?

Ans

100) How to distinguish client-dependant tables from independent tables?

Ans

101) What is the use of Table maintenance allowed?

Ans Mark the Table maintenance allowed flag if users with the corresponding authorization may change the data in the table using the Data Browser (Transaction SE16). If the data in the table should only be maintained with programs or with the table view maintenance transaction (Transaction SM30), you should not set the flag.

102) How to define Selection Screen?

Ans Parameters, Select-options & Selection-Screen

103) What are the check tables and value tables?

Ans Check Table: The ABAP Dictionary allows you to define relationships between tables using foreign keys . A dependent table is called a foreign key table, and the referenced table is called the check table. Each key field of the check table corresponds to a field in the foreign key table. These fields are called foreign key fields. One of the foreign key fields is designated as the check field for checking the validity of values. The key fields of the check table can serve as input help for the check field.

Value Table: Prior to Release 4.0, it was possible to use the value table of a domain to provide input help. This is no longer possible, primarily because unexpected results could occur if the value table had more than one key field. It was not possible to restrict the other key fields, which meant that the environment of the field was not considered, as is normal with check tables.

In cases where this kind of value help was appropriate, you can reconstruct it by creating a search help for the data elements that use the domain in question, and using the value table as the selection method.

Check table will be at field level checking.

Value table will be at domain level checking ex: scarr table is check table for carrid.

104) What is the difference between tables and structures?

Ans Tables:

1) Data is permanently stored in tables in the database.

2) Database tables are generated from them.

Structure:

1) It contains data temporarily during program run-time.

2) No Database tables are generated from it.

105) How to declare one internal table without header line without using structures?

Ans No, we cannot declare internal table without header line and without structure because it gives error “ITAB cannot be a table, a reference, a string or contain any of these object”.

Code with Header without Structure

TABLES : ZREKHA_EMP.

DATA : ITAB LIKE ZREKHA_EMP OCCURS 0 WITH HEADER LINE.

SELECT * FROM ZREKHA_EMP INTO CORRESPONDING FIELDS OF ITAB.

APPEND ITAB.

ENDSELECT.

LOOP AT ITAB.

WRITE : / ITAB-EMPNO, ITAB-EMPNAME,ITAB-DEPTNO.

ENDLOOP.

Code without Header with Structure

TABLES : ZREKHA_EMP.

DATA : BEGIN OF ITAB OCCURS 0,

EMPNO LIKE XREKHA_EMP-EMPNO,

EMPNAME LIKE XREKHA_EMP-EMPNAME,

DEPTNO LIKE XREKHA_EMP-DEPTNO,

END OF ITAB.

SELECT * FROM ZREKHA_EMP INTO CORRESPONDING FIELDS OF ITAB.

APPEND ITAB.

ENDSELECT.

LOOP AT ITAB.

WRITE : / ITAB-EMPNO, ITAB-EMPNAME,ITAB-DEPTNO.

ENDLOOP.

106) What are lock objects?

Ans Reason for Setting Lock: Suppose a travel agent want to book a flight. The customer wants to fly to a particular city with a certain airline on a certain day. The booking must only be possible if there are still free places on the flight. To avoid the possibility of overbooking, the database entry corresponding to the flight must be locked against access from other transactions. This ensures that one user can find out the number of free places, make the booking, and change the number of free places without the data being changed in the meantime by another transaction.

The R/3 System synchronizes simultaneous access of several users to the same data records with a lock mechanism. When interactive transactions are programmed, locks are set and released by calling function modules (see Function Modules for Lock Requests). These function modules are automatically generated from the definition of lock objects in the ABAP Dictionary.

Two types of Lock: Shared and Exclusive

107) What are datasets? What are the different syntaxes?

Ans The sequential files (ON APPLICATION SERVER) are called datasets. They are used for file handling in SAP.

OPEN DATASET [DATASET NAME] FOR [OUTPUT / INPUT / APPENDING]

IN [BINARY / TEXT] MODE

AT POSITION [POSITION]

MESSAGE [FIELD]

READ DATASET [DATASET NAME] INTO [FIELD]

DELETE DATASET [DATASET NAME]

CLOSE DATASET [DATASET NAME]

TRANSFER [FIELD] TO [DATASET NAME]

108) What are the events we use in dialog programming and explain them?

Ans There are two events in Dialog Programming i.e. screen:

1. PBO (Process Before Output) – Before the screen is displayed, the PBO event is processed.
2. PAI (Process After Input) – When the user interacts with the screen, the PAI event is processed.
3. POH (Process On Help) - are triggered when the user requests field help (F1). You can program the appropriate coding in the corresponding event blocks. At the end of processing, the system carries on processing the current screen.
4. POV (Process On Value) - are triggered when the user requests possible values help (F4). You can program the appropriate coding in the corresponding event blocks. At the end of processing, the system carries on processing the current screen.

109) What is the difference between OPEN_FORM and CLOSE_FORM?

Ans OPEN_FORM – This module opens layout set printing. This function must be called up before we can work with other layout set function like WRITE_FORM.

WRITE_FORM – Output text element in form window. The specified element of the layout set window entered is output. The element must be defined in the layout set.

CLOSE_FORM – End layout set printing. Form printing started with OPEN_FORM is completed. Possible closing operations on the form last opened are carried out. Form printing must be completed by this function module. If this is not carried out, nothing is printed or displayed on the screen.

110) What are the page windows? How many main windows will be there in a page window?

Ans Page Window: In this window, we define the margins for left, width, upper and height for the layout of Header, Logo, Main, & Footer.

111) What are control events in a loop?

Ans Control level processing is allowed within a LOOP over an internal table. This means that we can divide sequences of entries into groups based on the contents of certain fields.

AT .



ENDAT.

You can react to the following control level changes:

	Meaning
FIRST	First line of the internal table
LAST	Last line of the internal table
NEW	Beginning of a group of lines with the same contents in the field and in the fields left of
END Of	End of a group of lines with the same contents in the field and in the fields left of

112) How to debugg a script?

Ans Go to SE71, give layout set name, go to utilities select debugger mode on.

113) How many maximum sessions can be open in SAPgui?

Ans There are maximum 6 sessions open in SAPgui.

114) SAP Scripts and ABAP programs are client dependent or not? Why?

Ans

115) What are System Variable?

Ans System variables have been predefined by SAP. We can use these variables in formulas or, for example, to pass on certain pieces of information to a function module. How the function called by the function module behaves depends on the type of information passed on.

At present, we can use the following system variables:

System Variable	Use	Meaning
SY_MODE	In function modules	Current mode of the PI sheet
SY_TEST	In function modules	Status of the PI sheet (test or active)
SY_ROW	In function modules	Current table line
SY_VALUE or X	Generally	Refers to the immediately preceding input value

116) Is it compulsory to use all the events in Reports?

Ans

117) What is the difference between sum and collect?

Ans Sum: You can only use this statement within a LOOP. If you use SUM in an AT - ENDAT block, the system calculates totals for the numeric fields of all lines in the current line group and writes them to the corresponding fields in the work area. If you use the SUM statement outside an AT - ENDAT block (single entry processing), the system calculates totals for the numeric fields of all lines of the internal table in each loop pass and writes them to the corresponding fields of the work area. It therefore only makes sense to use the SUM statement in AT...ENDAT blocks.

If the table contains a nested table, you cannot use the SUM statement. Neither can you use it if you are using a field symbol instead of a work area in the LOOP statement.

Collect:

118) What are session method and call transaction method and explain about them?

Ans Session method – Use the BDC_OPEN_GROUP to create a session. Once we have created a session, then we can insert the batch input data into it with BDC_INSERT. Use the BDC_INSERT to add a transaction to a batch input session. We specify the transaction that is to be started in the call to BDC_INSERT. We must provide a BDCDATA structure that contains all the data required to process the transaction completely. Use the BDC_CLOSE_GROUP to close a session after we have inserted all of our batch input data into it. Once a session is closed, it can be processed.

Call Transaction -

In this method, we use CALL TRANSACTION USING to run an SAP transaction. External data does not have to be deposited in a session for later processing. Instead, the entire batch input process takes place inline in our program.

119) If you have 10000 records in your file, which method you use in BDC?

Ans Call transaction is faster then session method. But usually we use session method in real time...because we can transfer large amount of data from internal table to database and if any errors in a session, then process will not complete until session get correct.

120) What are different modes of Call Transaction method and explain them?

Ans There are three modes of Call Transaction method:

1) A – Display All Screens

2) E – Display Errors

3) N – Background Processing

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

121) What is the typical structure of an ABAP program?

Ans HEADER, BODY, FOOTER.

122) What are field symbols and field groups? Have you used "component idx of structure" clause with field groups?

Ans Field Symbols – They are placeholder or symbolic names for the other fields. They do not physically reserve space for a field, but point to its contents. It can point to any data objects.

Field-symbols

Field Groups – Field groups does not reserve storage space but contains pointers to existing fields.

An extract dataset consists of a sequence of records. These records may have different structures. All records with the same structure form a record type. You must define each record type of an extract dataset as a field group, using the FIELD-GROUPS statement.

Field-groups

123) What should be the approach for writing a BDC program?

Ans STEP 1: CONVERTING THE LEGACY SYSTEM DATA TO A FLAT FILE

to internal table CALLED "CONVERSION".

STEP 2: TRANSFERING THE FLAT FILE INTO SAP SYSTEM CALLED

"SAP DATA TRANSFER".

STEP 3: DEPENDING UPON THE BDC TYPE

i) Call transaction (Write the program explicitly)

ii) Create sessions (sessions are created and processed. If success, data will transfer).

124) What is a batch input session?

Ans BATCH INPUT SESSION is an intermediate step between internal table and database table. Data along with the action is stored in session i.e. data for screen fields, to which screen it is passed, program name behind it, and how next screen is processed.

Create session – BDC_OPEN_GROUP

Insert batch input – BDC_INSERT

Close session – BDC_CLOSE_GROUP

125) What is the alternative to batch input session?

Ans Call Transaction Method & Call Dialog

126) A situation: An ABAP program creates a batch input session. We need to submit the

program and the batch session in background. How to do it?

Ans Go to SM36 and create background job by giving job name, job class and job steps

(JOB SCHEDULING)

127) What is the difference between a pool table and a transparent table and how they are

stored at the database level?

Ans Pool Table -

1) Many to One Relationship.

2) Table in the Dictionary has the different name, different number of fields, and the fields have the different name as in the R3 Table definition.

3) It can hold only pooled tables.

Transparent Table –

1) One to One relationship.

2) Table in the Dictionary has the same name, same number of fields, and the fields have the same name as in the R3 Table definition.

3) It can hold Application data.

128) What are the problems in processing batch input sessions? How is batch input process

different from processing on line?

Ans Two Problems: -

1) If the user forgets to opt for keep session then the session will be automatically removed from the session queue (log remains). However, if session is processed we may delete it manually.

2) If session processing fails, data will not be transferred to SAP database table.

129) Is Session Method, Asynchronous or Synchronous?

Ans Synchronous

130) What are the different types of data dictionary objects?

Ans Different types of data dictionary objects:

1) Tables

2) Views

3) Data elements

4) Structure

5) Domains

6) Search Helps

7) Local Objects

8) Matchcode

131) How many types of tables exist and what are they in data dictionary?

Ans 4 Types of Tables:

1. Transparent tables - Exists with the same structure both in dictionary as well as in database exactly with the same data and fields. Both Open SQL and Native SQL can be used.
2. Pool tables
3. Cluster tables - These are logical tables that are arranged as records of transparent tables. One cannot use Native SQL on these tables (only Open SQL). They are not manageable directly using database system tools.
4. Internal tables

132) What is the step-by-step process to create a table in data dictionary?

Ans Steps to create a table:

Step 1: creating domains (data type, field length, Range).

Step 2: creating data elements (properties and type for a table field).

Step 3: creating tables (SE11).

133) Can a transparent table exist in data dictionary but not in the database physically?

Ans No, Transparent table do exist with the same structure both in the dictionary as well as in the database, exactly with the same data and fields.

134) In SAP Scripts, how will u link FORM with the Event Driven?

Ans In PAI, define function code and write code for the same.

135) Can you create a table with fields not referring to data elements?

Ans YES. e.g.:- ITAB LIKE SPFLI.

Here we are refering to a data object (SPFLI) not data element.

136) What is the advantage of structures? How do you use them in the ABAP programs?

Ans GLOBAL EXISTANCE (these could be used by any other program without creating it again).

137) What does an extract statement do in the ABAP program?

Ans Once you have declared the possible record types as field groups and defined their structure, you can fill the extract dataset using the following statements:

EXTRACT .

When the first EXTRACT statement occurs in a program, the system creates the extract dataset and adds the first extract record to it. In each subsequent EXTRACT statement, the new extract record is added to the dataset

EXTRACT HEADER.

When you extract the data, the record is filled with the current values of the corresponding fields.

As soon as the system has processed the first EXTRACT statement for a field group , the structure of the corresponding extract record in the extract dataset is fixed. You can no longer insert new fields into the field groups and HEADER. If you try to modify one of the field groups afterwards and use it in another EXTRACT statement, a runtime error occurs.

By processing EXTRACT statements several times using different field groups, you fill the extract dataset with records of different length and structure. Since you can modify field groups dynamically up to their first usage in an EXTRACT statement, extract datasets provide the advantage that you need not determine the structure at the beginning of the program.

138) What is a collect statement? How is it different from append?

Ans Collect : If an entry with the same key already exists, the COLLECT statement does not append a new line, but adds the contents of the numeric fields in the work area to the contents of the numeric fields in the existing entry.

Append – Duplicate entries occurs.

139) What is OPEN SQL vs NATIVE SQL?

Ans Open SQL – These statements are a subset of standard SQL. It consists of DML command (Select, Insert, Update, Delete). It can simplify and speed up database access. Buffering is partly stored in the working memory and shared memory. Data in buffer is not always up-to-date.

Native SQL – They are loosely integrated into ABAP. It allows access to all functions containing programming interface. They are not checked and converted. They are sent directly to the database system. Programs that use Native SQL are specific to the database system for which they were written. For e.g. to create or change table definition in the ABAP.

140) What does an EXEC SQL stmt do in ABAP? What is the disadvantage of using it?

Ans To use a Native SQL statement, you must precede it with the EXEC SQL statement, and follow it with the ENDEXEC statement as follows:

EXEC SQL [PERFORMING

].



ENDEXEC.

There is no period after Native SQL statements. Furthermore, using inverted commas (") or an asterisk (*) at the beginning of a line in a native SQL statement does not introduce a comment as it would in normal ABAP syntax. You need to know whether table and field names are case-sensitive in your chosen database.

141) What is the meaning of ABAP editor integrated with ABAP data dictionary?

Ans ABAP Editor: Tool in the ABAP Workbench in which you enter the source code of ABAP programs and check their syntax. You can also navigate from the ABAP Editor to the other tools in the ABAP Workbench.

142) What are the events in ABAP language?

Ans The events are as follows:

1. Initialization

2. At selection-screen

3. Start-of-selection

4. End-of-selection

5. Top-of-page

6. End-of-page

7. At line-selection

8. At user-command

9. At PF

10. Get

11. At New

12. At LAST

13. AT END

14. AT FIRST

143) What is an interactive report? What is the obvious difference of such report compared

with classical type reports?

Ans An Interactive report is a dynamic drill down report that produces the list on users choice.

Difference: -

a) The list produced by classical report doesn't allow user to interact with the system where as the list produced by interactive report allows the user to interact with the system.

B) Once a classical report, executed user looses control where as Interactive, user has control.

C) In classical report, drilling is not possible where as in interactive, drilling is possible.

144) What is a drill down report?

Ans Its an Interactive report where in the user can get more relevant data by selecting explicitly.

145) How do you write a function module in SAP? Describe.

Ans

1. Called program - SE37 - Creating function group, function module by assigning attributes, importing, exporting, tables, and exceptions.

2. Calling program - SE38 - In program, click pattern and write function name- provide export, import, tables, exception values.

146) What are the exceptions in function module?

Ans Exceptions: Our function module needs an exception that it can trigger if there are no entries in table SPFLI that meet the selection criterion. The exception NOT_FOUND serves this function.

COMMUNICATION_FAILURE & SYSTEM_FAILURE

147)

Ans

148) How are the date and time field values stored in SAP?

Ans DD.MM.YYYY. HH:MM:SS

149) What are the fields in a BDC_Tab and BDCDATA Table?

Ans Fields of BDC_Tab & BDCDATA Table:

Sr.No Fields - Description

1) Program - BDC Module pool

2) Dynpro - BDC Screen Number

3) Dynbegin - BDC Screen Start

4) Fname - Field Name

5) Fval - BDC field value

150) Name a few data dictionary objects?

Ans Different types of data dictionary objects:

1) Tables

2) Views

3) Data elements

4) Structure

5) Matchcode

6) Domains

7) Search Helps

8) Local Objects

151) What happens when a table is activated in DD?

Ans When the table is activated, a physical table definition is created in the database for the table definition stored in the ABAP dictionary. The table definition is translated from the ABAP dictionary of the particular database.

It is available for any insertion, modification and updation of records by any user.

152)

Ans

153) What are matchcodes? Describe?

Ans It is similar to table index that gives list of possible values for either primary keys or non-primary keys.

154) What transactions do you use for data analysis?

Ans

155) What are the elements of selection screen?

Ans There are 5 elements of selection screen:

Selection-screen include blocks

Selection-screen include parameters

Selection-screen include select-options

Selection-screen include comment

Selection-screen include push-button

156) What are ranges? What are number ranges?

Ans Main function of ranges to pass data to the actual selection tables without displaying the selection screen.

Min, Max values provided in selection screens.

It is often necessary to directly access individual records in a data structure. This is done using unique keys. Number ranges are used to assign numbers to individual database records for a commercial object, to complete the key. Such numbers are e.g. order numbers or material master numbers.

157) What are select options and what is the diff from parameters?

Ans Parameters : We can enter a single value.

PARAMETERS: PARAM(10).

Select-options: We can enter low and high value i.e. range has to be specify. By using NO-INTERVAL user can process only single fields.

SELECT-OPTIONS: DNO FOR DEPT-DNO.

SELECT-OPTIONS: DNO FOR DEPT-DNO NO-INTERVAL.

SELECT-OPTIONS declares an internal table, which is automatically filled with values or ranges of values entered by the end user. For each SELECT-OPTIONS, the system creates a selection table.

SELECT-OPTIONS FOR .

A selection table is an internal table with fields SIGN, OPTION, LOW and HIGH.

The type of LOW and HIGH is the same as that of .

The SIGN field can take the following values: I Inclusive (should apply) E Exclusive (should not apply)

The OPTION field can take the following values: EQ Equal GT Greater than NE Not equal BT Between LE Less than or equal NB Not between LT Less than CP Contains pattern GE Greater than or equal NP No pattern.

Differences-

PARAMETERS allow users to enter a single value into an internal field within a report.

SELECT-OPTIONS allows users to fill an internal table with a range of values.

Select-options provide ranges where as parameters do not.

For each PARAMETERS or SELECT-OPTIONS statement you should define text elements by choosing

Goto - Text elements - Selection texts - Change.

Eg:- Parameters name(30).

When the user executes the ABAP/4 program, an input field for 'name' will appear on the selection screen. You can change the comments on the left side of the input fields by using text elements as described in Selection Texts.

158) How do you validate the selection criteria of a report? And how do you display initial

values in a selection screen?

Ans The selection criteria is validated in the processing block of the AT SELECTION SCREEN event for the input values on the screen and respective messages can be sent.

To display initial values in the selection screen:

1) Use INITIALIZATION EVENT

2) Use DEFAULT VALUE option of PARAMETERS Statement

3) Use SPA/GPA Parameters (PIDs).

Validate: - by using match code objects.

Display :- Parameters default 'xxx'.

Select-options for spfli-carrid.

Initial values in a selection screen:

INITIALIZATION.

DNO-LOW = 10.

DNO-HIGH = 30

SIGN I.

OPTION NB.

APPEND DNO.

159) What are selection texts?

Ans

160) What is CTS and what do you know about it?

Ans CTS stands for Correction and Transport System. The CTS provides a range of functions that help you to choose a transport strategy optimally suited to your requirements. We recommend that you follow the transport strategy while you plan and set up your system landscape.

Correction and Transport System (CTS) is a tool that helps you to organize development projects in the ABAP Workbench and in Customizing, and then transport the changes between the SAP Systems and clients in your system landscape. This documentation provides you with an overview of how to manage changes with the CTS and essential information on setting up your system and client landscape and deciding on a transport strategy. Read and follow this documentation when planning your development project. For practical information on working with the Correction and Transport System, see Correction and Transport Organizer and Transport Management System.

161) When a program is created and need to be transported to prodn does selection texts always go with it? If not how do you make sure? Can you change the CTS entries? How do you do it?

Ans

162) What is the client concept in SAP? What is the meaning of client independent?

Ans In commercial, organizational and technical terms, the client is a self-contained unit in the R3 system, with separate set of Master data and its own set of Tables. When a change is made in one client all other clients are affected in the system - this type of objects are called Client independent objects.

163) Are programs client dependent?

Ans Yes, group of users can access these programs with a client number.

164) Name a few system global variables you can use in ABAP programs?

Ans SY-SUBRC, SY-DBCNT, SY-LILLI, SY-DATUM, SY-UZEIT, SY-UCOMM,

SY-TABIX.....

SY-LILLI is absolute number of lines from which the event was triggered.

165) What are internal tables? How do you get the number of lines in an internal table? How to use a specific number occurs statement?

Ans

1) It is a standard data type object, which exists only during the runtime of the program. They are used to perform table calculations on subsets of database tables and for re-organizing the contents of database tables according to users need.

2) Using SY-DBCNT.

3) The number of memory allocations the system need to allocate for the next record population.

166) How do you take care of performance issues in your ABAP programs?

Ans Performance of ABAP programs can be improved by minimizing the amount of data to be transferred. The data set must be transferred through the network to the applications, so reducing the amount of time and also reduces the network traffic.

Some measures that can be taken are:

- Use views defined in the ABAP/4 DDIC (also has the advantage of better reusability).

- Use field list (SELECT clause) rather than SELECT *.

- Range tables should be avoided (IN operator)

- Avoid nested SELECTS.

167) What are datasets?

Ans The sequential files (ON APPLICATION SERVER) are called datasets. They are used for file handling in SAP.

168) How to find the return code of an stmt in ABAP programs?

Ans Open SQL has 2 system fields with return codes:

1) SY-SUBRC

2) SY-DBCNT

Using function modules

169) What are Conversion & Interface programs in SAP?

Ans CONVERSION: Legacy system to flat file.

INTERFACE: Flat file to SAP system.

170) Have you used SAP supplied programs to load master data?

Ans SAP supplied BDC programs

RM06BBI0 (Purchase Requisitions)

RMDATIND (Material Master)

RFBIKR00 (Vendor Masters)

RFBIDE00 (Customer Master)

RVINVB00 (Sales Order)

171) What are the techniques involved in using SAP supplied programs? Do you prefer to

write your own programs to load master data? Why?

Ans

Þ Identify relevant fields